Contents:

The Temple Plan. The Symbolism of the Church. Temple Illumination.

The Ecclesiastical Day. The Cycles. Movable feasts. Acolouths in Aggregation.

Tones. Sacerdotal Vestments. The Sign of the Cross and Prostrations. Prostrations During Great Lent. The Ringing of Bells. Incensing.

The Little Entrance. The Aposticha. Conclusion.

The Great Ektenia. Kathismata. Kekregarion. The Entrance. Gladsome Light. The two Ektenias. The Litia. The Aposticha. The Dismissal.

Hexapsalmos (Six psalms). Alleluia. Eulogetaria. Polyeleos. Megalynarion. Anabathmoi. The Prokoemenon. The Gospel. The Kanon. Katabasia. Ektenias During the Kanon. The Ainoi. The Doxology. The Apolytikion. The Great Doxology. Conclusion. The Great Dismissal. The First Hour.

Aposticha. Dismissal Troparia.

St. John Chrysostom. St. Basil the Great. St. Gregory Theologos. Non-liturgical days.

Weekday Preparation. Paschalion.

Incensing. Antiphons. Little Entrance. Epistle and Gospel Lessons. Ektenias. Great Entrance. Royal Doors. The Polychronion. Intercessions. Archiereical or Hierarchical Liturgy.

Prayers Before Liturgy. Prothesis. Liturgy of the Catechumens. Little Entrance. The Trisagion. Epistle and Gospel Lessons. Ektenia of Fervent Supplication. Great Entrance. The Anaphora. Receiving Holy Communion. Thanksgiving. The Dismissal.

On Sunday. During the Weekdays. In Temples Dedicated to the Mother of God. In Temples Dedicated to a Saint.

The Historical Development of the Lent. The Rules of Fasting. The Contents of the Triodion. The Inner Unity of the Triodion.

Great Monday. The Typica. Vespers with Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts. Great Tuesday. Vespers with Presanctified Liturgy. Great Wednesday. The Typica. Vespers with Presanctified Liturgy. Great Holy Thursday. Holy Great Friday. Holy Great Saturday.

Preface. The Text of Pentecostarion. Introduction.

Mesonyctics. Orthros of Holy Pascha. The Paschal Hours. Paschal Holy Liturgy.

The Rite of Baptism and Chrismation. The Rite of Matrimony. Ordinations. The Consecration of a Bishop. Holy Unction.

The Burial of a Laymen. The Burial of a Priests. The Panikhida. The Consecration of a Church.

From the Triodion. Saturdays and Sundays of Lent. Pentecostarion. Pentecost. The Duodenary Feasts and Minor Feasts. The Prokoemena And Alleluaria For The Sunday Eight Tones. The Weekday or Daily Prokoemena. The Psalter Order for reading the Kathismata during the year.

The Typikon is the book which contains directions for the celebration of the daily cycle of divine services (Orthros, Hours, Liturgy, Vespers, Aftersupper); for the weekly cycle (Octoechos); for the monthly cycle (Menaeon); for the divine services of Holy Lent (Triodion) and the Holy Pentecostarion; and also for the various rites when combinations are necessary as the result of the coinciding of feasts, etc.

The Ecclesiastical Typicon has been accepted by the Holy Church and has been in effect for more than a thousand years. All priests and deacons at ordination take an oath to observe it All Orthodox bishops at their consecration in the rite of the "Profession of Faith" take a solemn oath in the presence of bishops, clerics, and people faithfully to observe the Church Typicon.

The Typicon acquired the strength of the law in the Church for the externals of Divine Worship of Almighty God. The Church looks upon it not as an ordinary work of man’s mind, but as a holy book, obligatory in the celebration of divine services for all Orthodox Catholic Christians. During its more than thousand year usage, the Church Typicon has not turned into useless forms or dead directives; it was constantly enriched with new services and rites. The Typicon does not merely legalize all sorts of minor peculiarities in the divine service and thus eliminate the freedom of the celebrants, as it portrays the ideal in divine service, but it also sets the model and the type of the divine service in bringing out our own involuntary desire to fulfill this ideal according to the instructions of the Church Typicon.

The main content of the Church Typicon, to a considerable extent, includes the works of the Holy Fathers and the ascetics of the Church and their prayers. For example, the prayers and canticles of Saint John Damascene, Saint Cosmas, Saints Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, and their sacerdotals, rituals, rites, etc., have all been accepted and preserved by the Church and are now in force in the Church Typicon as set forth by the Jerusalem St. Sabbas the Blessed monastery, dating to the 5th century.

Prayer is the main activity in the spiritual life of an Orthodox Christian. Prayer is the necessary means for spiritual growth and the struggle with passions and is an endless need for the believer. But, prayer must be learned under the direction of those who have already achieved perfection in prayer, i.e., from the Holy Fathers, whose prayers, rites, and customs have been accepted by the whole Church and introduced into the Order of Divine Services. From here then is derived the sacred significance for the Church Typicon. The indication of the Church Typicon and the measure of its greatness, its educational significance and strength, may be seen, for example, in the Typicon for the service of the Annunciation of the All-holy Theotokos, and for the various days of Great Fast (Tessaracost or Quadragesima) and Holy Pascha.

The pious and exacting fulfillment of the Church Typicon has an immense import for pastors and for congregations, it unites all of them, preserves them in Orthodoxy, and saves them from perversion into sectarianism, Lutheranism, and Roman Catholicism. This is especially essential to remember in the peripheral dioceses of our Patriarchate. The pastors, having taken an oath to uphold the Typicon, must look upon it as a matter of common concern for all, and not only as one for the flocks (people). Therefore, the actions of those priests may not be justified who, during the divine services, leave the Holy Altar to hear confessions (sometimes even give a general confession), or spend part of the service at the Altar of Pro thesis commemorating and removing particles from the prosphora. It is not permitted, during divine services, to be occupied with private matters, such as: the reading of the akathistoi and the Office of Preparation for Holy Communion. It is not permitted willfully to change any order of services, and to introduce one’s own prayers, hymns, rituals, or rites.

For this reason then, so that we have all things done "decently and in order," according to the command of the holy Apostle Paul (1 Cor. 14:40); so that the saving and instructional significance of the Church Typicon directives be most effective and realistic.

The Typicon prescribes that Divine Services be celebrated in the temple.

The temple is an edifice consecrated to God in which faithful gather to offer common prayer to the Lord (Luke 19:46), and to receive the grace of God through Holy Communion and other holy Mysteries (Sacraments; I Cor. 11:22).

The temple is also called a church, i.e., the term which is applied to the society of believers in Jesus Christ (I Cor. 14:23; I Tim. 3:15; Acts 5:11). In the Typicon "church" most frequently refers to what is generally called the nave — the place designated for the faithful as opposed to the place set apart for catechumens. Each Orthodox temple is a temple of God, the house of the Lord (Luke 19:45-46), The Altar within the Sanctuary of the temple is the Altar, the Throne, of the Triune God.

Each temple is given its own name: one may be called Nativity of Christ, another Holy Dormition, a third SS. Peter and Paul, still another All Saints, and so forth. Temples are so named because they are erected and consecrated to God in honor of one or another event in the history of the Faith, or in honor of a Saint of God chosen to be the special intercessor before the Lord on behalf of the community — the parish.

Sometimes within a temple there may be several other ‘temples.’ One part, or the largest portion of a given temple, is known as the main temple. A second "chapel" (with an Altar) is known as the paraecclesia. The paraecclesias are also consecrated in Honor of a feast or a saint. A paraecclesia may be consecrated in honor of two (or more) saints whose feast days may even be on different days — thus, such "chapel" (the paraecclesia) may have an Altar feast day several times during the year.

The temple may be constructed in several ways: cruciform to symbolize that the Church of Christ received life and strength through the Cross; as a circular edifice to indicate the eternity of the Church for there is no beginning nor an end in a circle; as a star (octagon) to express that the Church, like stars gives off the Light of Christ; and the elongated ship-type structure shows the Church to be like a ship which takes us through the sea of life to the harbor of eternal life.

The roofs of the temples are adorned with cupolas or domes: one cupola signifies the highest head of the Church, Christ Jesus Himself; three cupolas tell us of the three hypostases of the Holy Trinity; five cupolas express our Lord Jesus Christ and the four Evangelists; seven cupolas symbolize the Seven Holy Mysteries, seven gifts of the Holy Spirit, or the seven Ecumenical Councils; nine cupolas indicate the nine ranks of angels; thirteen indicate Christ and His twelve Apostles.

The Cross, as the symbol of victory, adorns the uppermost part of the temple, the top of the cupola, or if there is no cupola or dome, the uppermost portion of the structure. There may be used the three-barred Cross or the single barred.

As the Old Testament Temple of Solomon, built by God’s direction (Exodus 25:40), was divided into three parts: the Holy of Holies, the Sanctuary and the Courtyard, so also the Christian temple incorporates three basic parts: the Sanctuary, the church proper called the temple (nave), and the narthex which is the vestibule and the porch. The Typicon calls the "inner narthex" (the vestibule) the trapeza, since in monastic temples this is normally the dining area for monastics.

The Sanctuary signifies the heavenly world where God resides in everlasting light; the earthly paradise where our original parents Adam and Eve lived; and finally, the place from where our Lord had gone forth to preach, where He had established the Mystery of the Holy Eucharist, where He suffered, died on the Cross, rose from the Dead and Ascended into Heaven. The Sanctuary is the place where only the celebrant and the assistants (priests, deacons, sub-deacons, servers — all in sacredotal vestments) serve at the Throne of the King of Glory. All others may not enter the Sanctuary (VI Ec. Council Canon 69, Laodoc. 44, etc.).

The church or temple (nave) is reserved for the Faithful, i.e., for the laity who believe in Christ and sacramentally participate in the life of the Church. The vestibule is the place of preparation for those wishing to enter the Kingdom of Grace and it is where the catechumens and penitents remain.

The Holy Sanctuary is in the eastern portion of the temple, so that all those praying face Eastward. Traditionally it is held that paradise was in the East, and our salvation took place in the East. The Lord is called The East (Orient; Zachar. 6:12, Ps. 67:34), The East (Orient) from on High (Luke 1:78), Sun of Truth (Justice; Malachias 4:2). St. Basil the Great states that Christians always turn to the East when praying. The Altar (Latin alta ara — an elevated place of sacrifice) is elevated, or is in the Sanctuary which is already elevated above the nave, so that people may easily see and look upward toward the heavenly world.

The Exterior. A Temple has sometimes a single dome, sometimes many domes. One dome serves as a symbol of the One Head of the Church, Jesus Christ. Three domes typify the three Persons of the Holy Trinity. Five are symbolical of our Lord Jesus Christ and the Four Evangelists.

Each dome — and where there is no dome the apex of the Temple — is crowned by a Cross, the emblem of victory.

Bells. A Belfry is generally constructed in connection with the church, either in a separate tower or in one of the domes. The direct use of the belfry is to summon the faithful to worship, although the rubric concerning the use of the different bells and their manner of chiming and pealing is very detailed and complicated. It is impossible to make it clear, in a foreign language, to those who are not personally acquainted with the beautiful Russian bells, which are treated in a peculiar way, wholly unknown in the Western Church. They are rung at certain points in the service, in order that the faithful who, for any reason, are not in church, may unite their prayers with those of the worshippers in the Temple at the most solemn moments. At Matins, for example, they are rung before the Gospel is read, while the lights are being kindled, and the choir is singing: Praise ye the Lord. At the Divine Liturgy one bell is rung while the Holy Gifts are being consecrated.

The Interior. The Temple is usually built in the form of a ship (the ship of salvation), or of a cross (the emblem of salvation). The Temple is divided into four parts: I. The Sanctuary (Altar), beyond the Image-screen (Ikonostas). 2. The prolongation of the Sanctuary platform outside the Image-screen, called the Solea, which consists of: (a) the Amvon, or Tribune, which is the portion immediately in front of the Holy Door, in the center of the Screen, and (b) the railed Kliros, or places for the two choirs, on either side of the Amvon. 3. The Body of the church. 4. The Porch (Pritvor).

The Sanctuary must be built, except when that is impossible, at the eastern end of the church.

The Altar (Prestol) represents the throne of God in heaven, and the Lord God Almighty himself is present thereon. It also represents the tomb of Christ, since his Body is placed thereon.

The first covering of the Altar, the white linen Sratchitza, represents the winding-sheet in which the body of our Lord was wrapped. The upper Altar-cloth (Inditia), of rich and brilliant material, represents the glory of God's throne. Both cloths cover the Altar to the ground.

On the Altar is placed the Corporal (Antimins), a silken (formerly a linen) cloth, having upon it the representation of the Deposition of Christ in 'the tomb and the four Evangelists. This is spread out only in the Divine Liturgy, at the beginning of the Liturgy of the Faithful, and is folded up again as soon as that is finished. If any accident should happen to the holy Altar, the Holy Oblation can be made upon the Corporal alone, in an unconsecrated building or suitable place. In this Corporal (Antimins), or Vice-Altar, are placed relics of the Saints. Other relics are placed under and in the Altar itself, in a specially prepared coffer; because the blood of the Martyrs, after that of Christ himself, serves as the foundation of the Church. And also because, in. the early days of Christianity, the Holy Eucharist was celebrated in the Catacombs, on the tombs of the Martyrs.

Under the Corporal, and upon the upper Altar-cloth is placed a square of fine linen or rich material called the Iliton, which symbolizes the swaddling-clothes wherein the Lord was wrapped after his birth; and also the winding-sheet wherein his body was enveloped in the tomb, as the Altar represents the gravestone.

Behind the Altar a seven-branched candelabra is usually placed (seven being the customary sacred number); and, sometimes a large Cross, for carrying in processions.

The Book of the Holy Gospels, being the Word of God, is laid upon the Altar, to denote that God himself is mystically present thereon; and the Cross stands on the Altar as upon the place where is celebrated the unbloody sacrifice offered up to God.

As the Altar represents the sepulchre of the Lord, an Ark (Kovcheg) is set thereon, being the Tabernacle in which are placed the Holy Gifts, the Body and Blood of Christ reserved for the sick, and (during the Great Fast — Lent) for the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts.

Upon the Altar is kept the Holy Chrism for Chrisrnation after Baptism. Tapers are placed upon the Al tar to typify the light of Christ, which illumines the world; and, at Pontifical Services, the double and triple branched candlesticks (Dikiri, Trikiri) — representing, respectively, the dual nature of Christ (human and divine) and the Holy Trinity — wherewith the Bishop bestows his blessing on the people. It is strictly forbidden to place anything whatsoever on the Altar save the objects which are here enumerated. A sponge is usually placed beside the Corporal, for the more careful brushing off of the particles from the Paten into the Chalice. In some places a Canopy (Syen) is suspended over the Altar, to represent the heavens outspread above the earth, upon which was offered up the sacrifice for the sins of the world.

Behind the Altar is the High Place (Gornoye Myesto), an elevation upon which stands the Bishop's throne. At certain times during the service the Bishop sits thereon, representing the King of Glory. On either side of the " High Place" are seats for those who celebrate with the Bishop, and represent the Apostles and their successors. At either side of the "High Place," during Pontifical services, are placed the Sacramental Fans (Ripidi), representing the six-winged Seraphim, with which the Holy Gifts are fanned to keep away insects.

The Credence (Table of Oblation — Zhertvennik) is in the northern part of the Sanctuary, and on it the Holy Gifts are prepared for consecration.

For their preparation and for communicating them the following sacred vessels and implements are used:

The Paten (Diskos), for the bread; the Star-cover (Zvyezdiza), which supports the Veil above the Paten so that it may not touch the Holy Body; the Chalice (Potir), for the wine; the Spear (Kopyo), with which the particles are taken from the Altar-breads (Prosfori), and represents the spear with which the Savior's side was pierced; the sacramental Spoon (Lshiza), with which the Holy Body and Blood are administered to the laity; the Sponge (Gubka) with which the Chalice is wiped out at the end of the Communion; three Veils (Pokrovy); two smaller, for covering the Paten and Chalice, and one which is called the Air (Vozdukh), for covering both Paten and Chalice; the Ladle (Kovsh), in which the holy tepid water and wine are offered (together with portions of the bread), to the communicants, after they have received the Holy Gifts; two salvers for the Altar-breads.

The Censer (Kadilo), which, with the incense placed therein, is symbolical of the gifts offered by the Wise Men to the infant Christ, — gold, frankincense, and myrrh, — is also necessary for most services.

The southern side of the Sanctuary is usually appointed as the Repository (Diakonnik) for the vestments, church books, and the vessels used in the divine service.

The Sanctuary is separated from the choir-place and the body of the Temple by a solid Image-screen (Ikonostas), which corresponds to the chancel-rail in the Western Church. Three doors give access through it to the different parts of the Sanctuary above mentioned.

The central opening is called the Royal Gate (Tzarskiye Vrata), because through it, at the Divine Liturgy, the King of Glory comes forth to feed his faithful people with his own Divine Body and Blood; or the Holy Door (Svyatya Vrata), because the Mystery of the Eucharist is celebrated in the Sanctuary, and through this door (or gate) the Holy Gifts are brought forth. Unordained men are not permitted to pass through it. No woman may enter the Sanctuary at any time.

The opening and closing of the Holy Door, at different points of the various services, signify several things: sometimes the opening of the gates of Paradise; sometimes the throwing open of the entrance into the Kingdom of Heaven. The Entrances and Exits through it of the clergy symbolize the progress to and from those places where the Saviour of the world abode; since the priest, at different points, represents the Saviour himself or the Angel of God proclaiming the Resurrection of Christ; while the Deacon represents the Angel of the Lord, or John the Baptist.

The Curtain inside the Holy Door is drawn or withdrawn at appointed times during divine service. The Image-screen (Ikonostas) portrays those who dwell in heaven. In the Image-screen are the Holy Pictures (Images — Ikoni) of the Lord God magnified in the Trinity; of the most holy Birth-giver of our Lord; of the Holy Angels, Prophets and Apostles, and other Saints of God; and presentments of sacred events which have happened for our salvation. The customary arrangement of the holy Images is as follows: On the right of the Holy Door is placed the image of the Saviour, and next it (or next the south door, if that be next), the Image of the Temple, or of the Patron Saint of the Temple. On the left of the Holy Door is the Image of the holy Birth-giver of God. On the leaves of the Holy Door itself (which represents the Entrance into Heaven) is the Image of the Annunciation, that being the forefront of our salvation; together with the Images of the Four Evangelists, who also, like the Archangel Gabriel, announced to the world the glad tidings of the Saviour.

Over the Holy Door is the Image (Ikona) of the Last Supper; because in the Sanctuary is celebrated the Mystery of the Eucharist, reminding us that those who wish to follow Christ and obtain entrance to the kingdom of heaven must be accounted worthy to partake of the Lord's Supper, which is prepared within the Holy Door, and offered to the laity in front of that door.

On the northern and southern doors are depicted the messengers of God, the Angels, sent to serve those who desire to follow after salvation; or holy Deacons, the types of the Angels, who have charge of those parts of the Sanctuary into which these doors lead.

At each Kliros (Choir-place) stands a holy Banner (Khorugv); that is, a holy picture mounted upon a staff, typifying the victorious Banner of Christ's Church, which wages incessant warfare with the enemies of salvation.

In large churches, in line with the Images of the Saviour and the holy Birth-giver of God in the Image-screen, are placed Images of the more especially revered Saints. Above them, in the second row, are the Images of the Feasts of our Lord, and of the holy Birth-giver of God. In the third row are the Images of those Saints who, on earth as in heaven, were deemed worthy to be nearest to the Saviour, namely: Over the Image of the Last Supper is placed the Image of Jesus Christ himself, in royal or episcopal robes, having on his right hand the holy Birth-giver of God, and on his left St. John the Baptist. This Image is called the Deisus (Prayer), the Holy Mother and St. John being turned toward the Saviour in supplication; and on either side it has the Images of the Apostles. In the next row are placed the Images of the Old Testament Saints, — the Prophets: and among them is placed the holy Birth-giver of God with the Divine Child, who is from everlasting, and who was their hope, their consolation, and the subject of their prophecies.

Images and the fittings of the Temple are used in accordance with the command of God: Exodus 25:18-20; 26:1,31.

The Body of the Church. The space extending from the Sanctuary platform (Solea) to the Porch (Pritvor) is appointed for the lay worshippers, who generally stand throughout the service, — usually in two groups, —the men on the right and the women on the left. In this part of the church, during Pontifical services, in the center there is placed a raised dais, called the Kathedra. Here the Bishop is vested, and here, also, he performs a portion of the service; and sometimes, even, the entire service, praying like a father surrounded by his children.

In spacious churches, there is also placed, close to the Sanctuary platform, the Tomb for the Winding-sheet (Plashtschanitza); and a small table for Requiem services, with the Requiem-stand (Panikhidnik), + with places for tapers and a vessel for grain.

The Vestibule (Pritvor), or inner porch, was appointed, in early times, for the Catechumens, or learners, and for penitents. Here they listened to exhortations and instruction, and here they prayed. The rubric decrees that the Office for the Reception of Converts shall be performed in this Vestibule. Several of the penitential Offices, also, are appointed to be said here, such as the Litiya (a litany of fervent supplication, with oft-repeated " Lord, have mercy" in response) at Vespers.

Attitude. Only two attitudes are recognized as befitting the house of God: standing and kneeling. There are some moments of the service when sitting is proper. But usually it is tolerated only as a concession to physical weakness. On Sundays and Feast Days, with few exceptions, the rubric of the Church does not permit kneeling; that is, reverences to the earth. From holy Easter Day until Pentecost (Trinity Sunday) no kneeling is appointed. The joy of the worshippers at that season is held to outweigh even their sense of lowly penitence for sin, which prompts to kneeling.

Lights are always used during divine service, even though it be performed in full sunlight. This is clone not only for illumination, but also to show that the Lord, who dwells in light ineffable, illumines the world with spiritual radiance; to denote that the hearts of faithful believers are warmed by a flame of love toward God and his Saints; and, also, to show forth spiritual joy and the triumph of the Church.

Wax and olive oil, as the purest of substances, and free from animal matter, are used for lighting before sacred things. Artificial light also is permitted, but only for illumination. The wax and oil are symbolical of the purity and sincerity of the gifts which provide them, made in the holy Name of God.

The lights in the Temple are kindled in accordance with the songs and services. The more vivid the joy of the Church in the Lord, the more solemn the service, the more numerous are the lights. On Great Feasts all the lights are not kindled at the beginning of the service, but at the approach of the most solemn hymns and readings. The rubrics on these points are detailed and precise. More lights are used at the Divine Liturgy than at the other services, as a rule.

It is time for us to remove from our temple the custom of the superfluous fascination for electrical light bulbs. Where only are these not placed! Icons are surrounded by them; they are inserted into the seven-branch candelabra in the Sanctuary which often becomes very unsightly; and, these often are out of proportion in giving off light; huge flood lamps illumine the venerated temple icon... The result is not lighting in the temple but a disorderly illumination. All this we may observe in showcases of stores, theatre marques, at railway terminals and in the streets. Least of all should we desire this type of illumination in temples.

When electrical lighting was becoming widespread, it was permitted in the temples only as a source of light for chandeliers, but in no case as a replacement for the sanctified traditional primordial lighting of churches by sacrificial offerings in vigil lamps and the blessed church candles.

The flickering light of the vigil lamps and the gentle light of the wax candles — this is what the pious believer wants to see as he enters the temple for concentrated prayer. The dazzling, artificial electrical light not only does not create, but dispels, the prayerful mood.

Therefore, we will allow the burning of this artificial light in the temple chandeliers only as necessary illumination, but eliminate or, in any case, drastically reduce its use in other parts of the temple, particularly in the Sanctuary. In any case, we will not border with varicolored bulbs the iconostasis, nor separate icons. Let it be darker in the temple while in the hearts of the faithful calm will prevail, and from it the inner light will burn brightly.

Much has been said about this and is being said, but in the meantime the results are not apparent.

The majority of the faithful are not experts on singing. But ask this majority what it expects from church singing and what kind of singing it wishes, and the majority will answer: give us such singing which will touch the heart; which will move us to tears of emotion; which will lift up our spirit and help us to pray. The people understand perfectly the true spirit and the appropriate tone and spirit of church singing and better than any expert distinguish church singing from theatrical singing. Why impose upon them that which their praying spirit rejects? Why impose upon them at best a ‘‘soulful" delight, worldly at that, when they search for spiritual tenderness?

In our requests upon people, from whom we expect to receive one thing or another, although respectful, and in every case we are earnest in our appeal, we must maintain these necessary qualities. Why then do we utter petitions to God and dare assume an impudent tone with frivolous theatrical outpouring which exclude every reverence?

Executing liturgical music in a shouted tone of the secular songs, or the passionate operatic arias, does not give those who are praying a chance to concentrate nor to grasp the content and meaning of the hymns.

Such singing gives only an impression to the sense of hearing but leaves no mark on the soul. Why must we pursue tasteless, from the Church’s viewpoint, imitation of secular singing when we do have the most wonderful forms of music which are strictly ecclesiastical, sanctified by time and Church traditions?

It is essential for the venerable Father Pastors to observe diligently that singing in their temples be strictly liturgical (churchly) not only in name but also in fact, and that there be no compromise by permitting music alien to the spirit of the Church just to please semi-churchmen choir directors.

Particularly, let the singing of the Creed and the Lord’s Prayer always be congregational.

It is noted that while the right choir, for the most part, seemingly prepares for feast-day divine services, the left choir somehow copes with the ektenias and other hymns relegated to it. This creates a sad impression and, of course, disturbs the solemnity of the service.

It is essential in such cases to divide the choir so that both the right and left would be uniform. If this requires additional expenditure, then for the sake of decor this ought to be done.

One more personal directive: At the archiereical entrance before the Liturgy, the choir usually in some kind of a patter and a loud noise sings "From the rising of the sun..." afterwards there is total silence, and then later the choir begins to sing "It is Truly meet..." or the "Ode," when the hierarch approaches the Soleas, whereas it often completes the singing when the hierarch is about to kiss the icons, and then the Choir is silent during the subsequent prayers when the hierarch is before the Royal Doors, or else, the choir endlessly repeats the last words of the hymn, "And are truly Theotokos, we magnify Thee."

Such pauses and repetitions disrupt the solemnity of the service.

"From the Rising of the sun" may be sung loudly and solemnly, but not in a patter. What concerns "It is Truly meet," or the "heirmos," must be begun without pause after the "From the Rising of the sun" and be executed quietly in a slow tempo so that the hierarch awaits the completion of the singing after he finishes his prayers before the Royal Doors.

It is necessary to add a few words about a custom which recently has crept into parochial use, namely, the constant decoration of the temple with flowers. Moreover, most frequently the flowers are in very poor taste, and are artificial. Besides, on solemn feasts, entire baskets of flowers are placed in the Sanctuary. Also the use of all kinds of toweling around holy icons is in poor taste. This custom must not be encouraged nor approved. Artificial flowers, because they are artificial, must not be allowed in churches. The celebrated Moscow Metropolitan Philaret, of blessed memory, spoke about artificial flowers, imitation jeweled stones, and other similar embellishments, and he said these are reprehensible in church practice not because they have little value, but because they are artificial and they thus contain within themselves a falsehood. Thus, in the present situation, it is advisable to remove completely from church practice the use of artificial flowers, which do not beautify, but, for the most part, disfigure the objects which they supposedly decorate. However, even cut or live flowers, although allowable in the temples, should not be in the kind as they are seen in churches today. These ugly, shapeless baskets, filled with earth, ridiculously banded with branches or wood, which are inappropriate even in rooms, are entirely out of place in temples and particularly in the Sanctuary.

Live flowers, however by no means in baskets, may be used to decorate holy icons, but are not to be brought into the Sanctuary (Note: Live cut flowers in vases may be placed in back of the Holy Altar or along side of the Holy Altar but never on the Holy Altar).

The ecclesiastical day begins, not at midnight, but at sunset. The time from one sunset to the next is occupied by an orderly succession of Service which collectively are called the Daily Cycle: Vespers, Aftersupper (Povecerie or Apodiepnon), Mesanyctics, Orthros, First Hour, Third Hour, Sixth Hour, Typica, and Ninth Hour. The Liturgy ordinarily comes after the Sixth Hour.

Each Service in the Daily Cycle, as performed, is a fusion of two elements: a permanent framework which is characteristic of the Service, and materials proper to the particular occasion which are built into that permanent and characteristic framework.

The permanent framework of a Service is called the Acolouth (akolouthia, posledovanie) of that Service.

The sources from which inserted material is taken are called Sequences.

Each Sequence supplies for all the Acolouths of the Daily Cycle the material required for a particular Remembrance — that is to say, the material proper to a particular day of the week, or proper to a particular date of the month, or proper to a particular day in the Seasons immediately before and after Pascha. For example, on a Sunday dated December 6, each Acolouth of the Daily Cycle must build into its framework its portion of the Resurrectional Sequence of the current Tone, because all Sundays are Remembrances of Pascha; and must also incorporate the material appointed for it in honor of St. Nicholas, the Saint of the day, which material is the Sequence for that December date. These Sequences, that of the Resurrectionals of the current Tone and that of December 6, exhibit their material in the order in which it must be used: that is to say, in the order of the Acolouths which compose the Daily Cycle, beginning with the "Lord, I call upon Thee" (Kekragarion, Gospodi Vozvaj) at Vespers, the first place in the permanent and characteristic framework of Vespers and therefore also the first place in the succession of the Acolouth of the Daily Cycle where material proper to the day and date must be inserted.

Sequences also compose Cycles, three of which are of major importance:

1. the Paschal (or Paschalion) Cycle, which extends from one Pascha to the next, counting its days from Pascha (a movable Feast) and not by the dates of the civil calendar;
2. the Menaeon Cycle, which counts its days like the civil calendar, but begins on September 1, instead of January 1;
3. the Weekly Cycle, which compresses the Paschal Cycle, together with some generalized Remembrances of the Menaeon Cycle, into the seven days of a single week: Sunday, the first day of the week, the Resurrection; Monday, the Bodiless Powers; Tuesday, the Forerunner; Wednesday, the Betrayal and the Cross; Thursday, Apostles, Hierarchs, and Wonderworkers (especially St. Nicholas); Friday, Crucifixion and the Cross; Saturday, Martyrs, Monastics, All Saints, and the Dead.

There are also the minor cycles of the Eight Tones and the Eleven Orthros Resurrectional Gospels, both dependent on the Paschalion cycle: The first Sunday after Pentecost always has Tone 8 and Orthros Gospel 1, the next Sunday has Tone 1 and Orthros Gospel 2; and so in orderly numerical succession these two cycles continue, the Tones beginning their succession anew each time after Tone 8, and the Orthros Gospels after Orthros Gospel 11, until the following Pascha.

The rules which govern the construction of Acolouths for all occasions are contained in the Typicon. The relevant sections of the Typicon are printed also with the Sequences of the Pachalion and Menaeon Cycles.

The Movable Feasts and two Fasts are regulated by the date upon which Easter falls. At times this coincides with its date in the Western Church.

The Great Fast or Lent begins on Monday; not, as in the Western Church, on Ash Wednesday. (There is no Ash Wednesday.) It lasts for forty-eight days. As a chieftain, before the battle, encourages his warriors with wise and timely words, so the Church prepares us in advance for feats of fasting and penitence, and then bids us to the performance of those feats. This preparation begins on the Sunday preceding that which is known in the Western Church as Septuagesima Sunday, and is called " The Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee." Because pride, conceit of one's own righteousness, and scorn of his neighbor is the first and chiefest obstacle to repentance, the Church has appointed the condemnation of this sin as the theme of her hymns and readings on that day, taking the Gospel narrative of the Publican and the Pharisee as the key-note.

In like manner, the next week of preparation (coinciding with Septuagesima Sunday) is called after the Prodigal Son, and the sinner is reminded that, when he scrupulously examines his evil deeds, he will perceive how deeply he has offended God. Hence he is encouraged to repentance and confession. The Prodigal Son is made the theme of the hymns and readings for the day.

On the Saturday preceding the following Meat-fast Sunday a Requiem Liturgy is celebrated for all Orthodox believers departed this life, who are awaiting the Last Judgment. Therefore this Saturday is known as " Ancestors' Saturday."

On the Sunday corresponding to Sexagesima Sunday begins the Meat-fast Week. After this day no more meat may be eaten. The Second Coming of the Lord, founded upon the Lesson from the Gospel about the Last Judgment, is the special theme of this Sunday: in order that the sinner may not fall into carelessness concerning his salvation through too secure a trust in the ineffable loving-kindness of God, but may call to mind that the Lord God is also a righteous Judge.

After the Sunday (corresponding to Quinquagesima) on which begins the Cheese Fast, no more cheese, eggs, butter, or milk may be eaten. The services of this Sunday aim to impress upon us that only by strict abstinence can we hope to recover that Paradise which Adam lost through the lack of abstinence. Therefore Adam, fallen and banished, is the special theme of the Church. It is customary on this day to ask and accord mutual forgiveness, and to effect mutual reconciliation. This custom is founded on the words of Jesus Christ in the Gospel lesson for the day: " For if ye forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you." Hence it is generally called "Forgiveness Sunday."

More reverences to the earth are appointed for the Great Fast (Lent) than for the services at other seasons, and the penitential character of the Offices is augmented. In the songs and prayers the moan of the contrite soul, bitterly bewailing its sins, is audible. The first week is the most severe of all as to restrictions upon food and drink: and the Offices have less of a triumphal and festival character than during the remaining weeks. Hence, during the Fast the full Liturgy is celebrated only on Saturday and on Sunday, while on the remaining days the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts is used. The strictest fasting is prescribed, although the Orthodox Church usually prescribes abstinence during all fasts, not only from meat, but also from cheese, eggs, milk, butter, and so forth.

On the evenings of Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday of the first week of the Great. Fast, the Great Canon—the Penitential Canon — of St. Andrew of Crete is read.

The first Sunday in the Great Fast is known as "Orthodoxy Sunday," and thereon is celebrated the triumph of the Church over the Iconoclasts, and the reestablishment of reverence for Holy Pictures (Images — Ikoni), in the year 842; as also the victory of the Church over other heresies. In some Cathedral Churches the Office of Orthodoxy is celebrated by the Bishop before the Divine Liturgy, or near the end thereof. In this Office athletes and champions of Orthodoxy are extolled, and Anathema is proclaimed upon their opponents.

On the third Sunday, and during the week which follows, is celebrated the Adoration of the Holy Cross, which is brought forth from the Sanctuary for the refreshment and strengthening of the faithful.

On the evening of Saturday in the Fifth Week is chanted the Canticle (Akafist) of the most holy Birth-giver of God, in especial commemoration of her aid during two assaults from the Saracens upon Constantinople, in the years 673 and 716.

On the Saturday before Palm Sunday the Church commemorates the resurrection of Lazarus, wherein the Lord Jesus showed forth His divine might to the people before His suffering and death; thus assuring them of His own Resurrection, and of the universal Resurrection of all the dead. On the Eve of Lazarus's Saturday the Great Fast proper (called "the Forty Days ") comes to an end, and on the Monday next following the " Fast of Christ's Passions " begins, lasting until Easter.

On Monday after the Sunday of All Saints, which follows Pentecost, begins the Fast of St. Peter and St. Paul, ending on June 29 (July 12, N. S.). The length of this fast is regulated by the date of Easter and of Pentecost; and therefore it varies from two weeks to five weeks and five days.

The Fast which precedes the Feast of the Falling-asleep of the Holy Birth-giver of God (called "The Assumption " in the Western Church), on August 15-28, begins on August 1-14.

The Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross (the Setting-up), that of the Beheading of St. John the Forerunner, and the Eve of the Baptism of Christ (Epiphany), are reckoned as fasts. (See the Table, for the dates).

The Fast preparatory to Christmas, corresponding to Advent, is called "The Christmas Fast," and begins on November 15-28.

In addition to these Chief Fasts and the Great Fast, all Wednesdays and Fridays are fast-days, except during what are known as the " compact weeks;" from Christmas to the Eve (Fast) of the Epiphany; the Week between the Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee and the Sunday of the Prodigal Son; Meat-fast Week, when cheese, eggs, and milk are permitted; the Bright Easter week; and the week preceding the Fast of St. Peter and St. Paul.

The second Sunday after Easter Day is called St. Thomas's Week, or "Anti-Paskha," from the Gospel Lesson for the day, and commemorates the appearance of the Lord to His disciples after the Resurrection, and the viewing of His wounds by Thomas.

The third Sunday after Easter is called after the Myrrh-bearing Women, who witnessed the burial and resurrection of Christ. And with them are commemorated Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus. Here, as on the Sunday which precedes and the Sundays which follow, the special title is derived from the Gospel Lesson for the day.

On the. fourth Sunday is commemorated the Impotent Man whom Christ healed at the Pool of Bethesda.

The Lesson for the fifth Sunday, about the Woman of Samaria, shows Jesus Christ as One who knows the secrets of the heart, and as the true Messiah.

The Sunday of the Blind Man (the sixth after Easter) commemorates the healing by Christ of the man who was born blind.

Ascension Day falls on the following Thursday, and, as in the Western Church, is followed, ten days later, by the Feast of Pentecost. But what is called Whit-Sunday in the Western Church is Trinity Sunday in the Eastern Church, and the next day is The Day of the Holy Spirit (or Ghost), that is Pentecost.

The seventh Sunday after Easter is the Day of the Holy Fathers of the Council of Nicaea.

The first Sunday after Pentecost is All Saints' Day.

The Acolouths of the Daily Cycle are not performed, one after the other, in unbroken succession, but generally are grouped into three aggregates. The Evening Aggregate begins the Daily Cycle shortly before sunset; the Dawn Aggregate begins shortly before daylight; and the Midday Aggregate, beginning late in the morning, completes the Cycle. For the Eves of Feasts and of Remembrances of Great Saints there is a special aggregate, which is called the "Allnight Vigil" because in monasteries it begins after sunset and continues until morning.

1.The Acolouths of the Daily Cycle, as performed, are either Lenten or non-Lenten; and this distinction influences decisively, not only the structure and content of the Acolouths, but also their grouping into aggregates.

All Daily Cycles which are Lenten agree in having Alleluia instead of the non-Lenten "God is The Lord" (Theos Kyrios) at Orthros (after the Great Ectenia which follows the Six-psalms (Hexapsalmos)). Accordingly, the form which an Acolouth or an aggregate of Acolouths is to take is always described in terms of whether Orthros on-the day in question has "God is The Lord" or replaces "God is The Lord" with Alleluia. In this connection it should be noted that neither Sundays nor Saturdays can ever have Lenten Alleluia, although Saturdays may have the non-Lenten Alleluia for the Dead.

2. If the Orthros of a given day (except a Saturday in the Great Fast) has "God is The Lord/’ but nevertheless is not aggregated with Vespers for Allnight Vigil, the structure of the Daily Cycle is as follows:

Evening Aggregate: Ninth Hour — Vespers (Daily or Great) — Little Aftersupper;

Dawn Aggregate: Mesonyctics — Orthros (Daily or Great) — First Hour;

Midday Aggregate: Third and Sixth Hours — Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom (unless that of St. Basil is appointed).

But if there is Allnight Vigil, the structure of the Daily Cycle is as follows:

Evening Aggregate: Ninth Hour — Little Vespers — Little Aftersupper (which in monasteries is suppressed);

Allnight Vigil: Great Vespers — Great Orthros — First Hour; Midday Aggregate: Third and Sixth Hours — Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom (unless that of St. Basil is appointed).

3. If the Orthros of the day has Lenten Alleluia, and if, further, the Liturgy of the Presanctified is not prescribed for the day, the structure of the Daily Cycle for weekdays except Monday is as follows:

Evening Service: Great Aftersupper;

Dawn Aggregate: Mesonyctics — Daily Orthros — First Hour;

Midday Aggregate: Third and Sixth Hours — Ninth Hour — Typica — Daily Vespers.

For Mondays the arrangement just described holds only for the Dawn and Midday Aggregates; but the Evening Aggregate has the normal non-Lenten components, Ninth Hour — Daily Vespers — Little Aftersupper.

But if the Liturgy of the Presanctified is prescribed, the structure of the Daily Cycle

follows: Evening Service and Dawn Aggregate as described above;

Midday Aggregate: Third and Sixth Hours — Ninth Hour — Typica — Vespers combined with the Liturgy of the Presanctified.

On Saturdays in the Great Fast the Daily Cycle has the following structure:

Evening Service: Great Aftersupper;

Dawn Aggregate: Mesonyctics — Daily Orthros — First Hour;

Midday Aggregate: Third and Sixth Hours — Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom.

4. The description given above of the varying structures of the Daily Cycle holds for most occasions, but the following notable exceptions occur:

Great Thursday:

Evening Service: Little Aftersupper; Dawn Aggregate, beginning at 1 A.M.: Mesonyctics — Daily Orthros — First Hour;

Midday Aggregate, beginning at 9 A.M.: Third and Sixth Hours — Ninth Hour — Typica; and then at 2 P.M. Vespers combined with the Liturgy of St. Basil.

The hours reported here for the Acolouths in Great Week are those set by the Triodion and by the Slavonic Typicon.

In Monasteries, the Mesonyctics are read by the monks in the cells from Great Thursday until the Saturday of Bright Week, inclusive. But cathedrals and parish churches have Mesonyctics in the temple, as usual.

Great Friday:

Evening Service, after Supper: Little Aftersupper;

Dawn Service, beginning at 8 P.M.: Orthros of the Twelve Gospels;

Midday Aggregate, beginning at 8 A.M.: Great Hours (First, Third, Sixth, and Ninth, and the Typica).

Evening Service, beginning at 4 P.M.: Great Vespers of Lamentation;

Dawn Aggregate, beginning at 1 A.M.: Orthros of Lamentation — First Hour;

Midday Aggregate: Third and Sixth Hours — Ninth Hour — Typica: then at 4 P.M. Vespers combined with the Liturgy of St. Basil, and at 10 P.M. a special Acolouth of Mesonyctics.

Dawn Aggregate: Paschal Orthros — Paschal First Hour;

Midday Aggregate: Paschal Third and Sixth Hours — Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom.

Evening Aggregate: Paschal Ninth Hour — Paschal Vespers — Paschal Aftersupper; Dawn Aggregate: Paschal Mesonyctics — Paschal Orthros — Paschal First Hour: Midday Aggregate: Paschal Third and Sixth Hours — Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom.

(a) If the Feast falls on a day other than Sunday and Monday:

On the Paramony (Navecerie):

Evening Aggregate: Ninth Hour — Vespers — Little Aftersupper; Dawn Aggregate: Mesonyctics — Orthros — First Hour:

Midday Aggregate; Great Hours (First, Third, Sixth, Ninth, and Typica) — Vespers combined with the Liturgy of St. Basil.

In Slavonic usage, the Evening and Dawn Aggregates are combined into Allnight Vigil, to include Great Aftersupper, Great Orthros, and First Hour. The Midday Aggregate includes the Third and Sixth Hours and the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom.

(b) When the Feast falls on Sunday or Monday:

On the preceding Friday:

Evening Aggregate: Ninth Hour — Daily Vespers — Little Aftersupper;

Dawn Aggregate: Mesonyctics — Daily Orthros — First Hour;

Midday Aggregate: Great Hours (First, Third, Sixth, Ninth, and Typica)

The components of the aggregates for Saturday if the Feast falls on Sunday, and for both Saturday and Sunday if the Feast falls on Monday, are the same as those described (in b, above) for days which have Theos Kyrios.

On the day of the Feast:

The Evening Aggregate (which in Slavonic Use begins at 1 P.M.) includes Ninth Hour, and Great Vespers with the Great Sanctification of Waters. The Dawn and Midday Aggregates combine, to include Mesonyctics, Great Orthros, and the Liturgy of St. Basil. |

Annunciation:

When Annunciation falls on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, or Friday of the Great Fast; or on Tuesday, Wednesday, or Thursday of Great Week:

The Evening and Dawn Aggregates combine into Allnight Vigil, to include Great Aftersupper, Daily Orthros, and First Hour. The Midday Aggregate includes Third and Sixth Hours, Ninth Hour, Typica, and Vespers combined with the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom. The Liturgy of St. Basil is appointed for Great Thursday, Great Saturday and on the Sundays (except Palm) of Great Fast.

When Annunciation falls on a Monday in the Great Fast, or on Great Monday: Evening Aggregate: Ninth — Little Vespers — Little Aftersupper; Allnight Vigil: Great Vespers — Daily Orthros — First Hour;

Midday Aggregate: Third and Sixth Hours — Ninth Hour — Typica — Vespers combined with the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom.

When Annunciation falls on a Saturday in the Great Fast:

The Evening and Dawn Aggregates combine into Allnight Vigil, to include Great Aftersupper, Great Orthros, and First Hour. The Midday Aggregate includes the Third and Sixth Hours and the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom.

When Annunciation falls on Great Friday:

Evening Service: Little Aftersupper;

Dawn Service: Orthros of the Twelve Gospels;

Midday Aggregate: Third and Sixth Hours — Ninth Hour — Typica — Vespers combined with the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom.

When Annunciation falls on Great Saturday:

Evening Aggregate: Great Vespers of Lamentation — Little Aftersupper;

Dawn Aggregate: Orthros of Lamentation — First Hour;

Midday Aggregate: Third and Sixth Hours — Ninth Hour — Typica — Vespers combined with the Liturgy of St. Basil.

The Acolouths and Sequences and other materials are distributed among the following Liturgical Books: we mention only those most commonly used by the Clergy:

(a) The Great Euchologion (in Greek) contains Vespers, Orthros, the three Liturgies, the Mysteries, the Burial Service, the Acolouths for professing Monks, and other Acolouths less frequently used, together with many special Prayers for particular occasions.

For convenience the contents of the Great Euchologion have in Slavonic usage been distributed as follows:

(1) the Litourgicon (Slavonic Sluzebnik) contains Vespers, Orthros, the three Liturgies, and some materials required by the Clergy in connection with these Acolouths; (2) the Archieratikon (Slavonic Cinovnik) contains the Acolouths performed by a Bishop; (3) the Euchologion (Slavonic Trebnik) omits the materials of both the Cinovnik and the Sluzebnik, and adds numerous Prayers and minor Acolouths (like those for blessing Iconostases, Holy Vessels, and Vestments).

(b) The Horologion (Slavonic Casoslov) contains the Acolouths of the Daily Cycle; the Apolytikia and Kontakia for all the days of the three secondary cycles (Menaeon, Paschal, and Weekly), with the Remembrances by dates (or Paschal reckoning) for the whole year; the Prayers for Communion, and other devotions.

(c) The Triodion (Slavonic Postnaya Triod) contains all the Acolouths of the ten weeks before Pascha, beginning with the Sunday of the Publican and Pharisee and including the Great Tessaracost (Holy Quadragesima) and Great Holy Week.

(d) The Pentecostarion (Slavonic Tsvetnaya Triod) contains all the Acolouths of the season beginning with Pascha and ending with the Sunday of all Saints.

(e) The Paracletike (Slavonic Octoech) contains all the Acolouths of the Weekly Cycle in their Eight Tones (In Greek the name Octoechos is restricted to the separately printed Sunday Acolouths of the Weekly Cycle in Eight Tones).

(f) The Menaeon contains the Acolouths of the Menaeon Cycle, usually in twelve volumes, one for each month.

(g) Two exceedingly useful Slavonic Books have no Greek equivalents: (1) the Festal Menaeon (Prazdnicnaya Mineya), which contains the Acolouths of all the Great Feasts except Pascha; and (2) the Common Menaeon (Obscaya Mineya), which supplies complete Common Acolouths for Feasts of the Lord and of the Theotokos, and for Remembrances of Saints by classes (Angels and Bodiless Powers, Prophets, Apostles, Martyrs, etc.).

(h) The "Synopsis of Feasts and Remembrances" (Anthology, Izbornik or Sbornik), supplies the Festal Propers needed at Liturgy, Vespers, Orthros throughout the year.

There are eight Plain Chants, or Tones. During the Bright Easter week the Tone changes in regular order every day. On the second Sunday after Trinity Sunday (Pentecost), and during the week which follows, the First Tone is used, with its appointed Gradual (Prokimen), Canon, Hymns (Tropari), Verses (Stikhera of the Stikhovni), Hymns to the holy Birth-giver of God (Bogorodichni, or Dogmatiki), Collect-Hymn (Kondak), and so forth. Thereafter the Tone changes on each successive Sunday, until all eight Tones have been used. On the tenth Sunday after Pentecost, the First Tone is used again; and so on, throughout the year.

Reader. A short Tunic (Felon), which barely covers the shoulders, is put upon the Reader when he is set apart by the Bishop, and (at the present time) is rarely worn except upon that day. It symbolizes his coming under the yoke of the Priesthood, and his dedication to the service of God. His usual vestment is a Dalmatic (Stikhar).

Sub-Deacon and Deacon. The Dalmatic (Stikhar) and the Stole (Orar). The Dalmatic, a long, straight vestment with wide sleeves, which covers the whole person, is called "the robe of salvation and the garment of joy. It is symbolical of a pure and tranquil conscience, a spotless life, and the spiritual joy in the Lord which flows therefrom, in him who wears it. The Stole is a long, wide band of material which is sometimes worn over the left shoulder, sometimes crossed upon the breast and back, in the case of the Deacon. The Sub-Deacon wears his Stole always crossed, for convenience in the fulfillment of his duties. But the Deacon binds his Stole about him in the form of a cross shortly before the Holy Gifts are consecrated, thus typifying the wings of the Angels who serve about the Altar, as the Deacons themselves typify the Cherubim and Seraphim. Sometimes the Angelic song, "Holy, Holy, Holy," is embroidered upon the Stole. The Stole is bound about the Sub-Deacon in the form of a cross at his Ordination, as a symbol that, through the meekness and continence of his members and the purity of his heart, he is to put upon him the robe of purity. The Deacon wears, also, the Cuffs (Poruchi), for convenience during the service, and to remind him that he must not put his trust in his own strength alone, but in the right hand of the Lord, the Almighty and merciful God, and in His strength and aid.

Priests. The Priest's stikhar, or cassock (Podriznik), has close sleeves. His Stole (Epitrakhil) consists of a long piece of stuff like the Deacon's, but broader than the latter, which passes round his neck, is joined in front for its entire length, and falls low upon his cassock. It typifies the consecrating grace of the Priesthood. The Priest, like the Deacon, can celebrate no Office without his Stole. In it, without the Chasuble, he celebrates the less solemn Offices: Lesser Vespers, ordinary Compline, Lauds (Polunochniza), the Hours (if the Gospel be not appointed to be read in them); also various Prayer-services in private dwellings, such as that at the birth of a child, and the like.

The Zone (Poyas) is sort of belt wherewith the Priest girds himself above his cassock and stole, for convenience in serving the Altar. It is symbolical of the gift of strength, wherewith God aids him in his service, and exhorts him to blamelessness of life. His Cuffs (Porutchi) typify the bonds wherewith the hands of our Lord were bound.

The Epigonation (Nabedrennik) is an oblong piece of brocade, which is suspended upon the hip of a priest, and signifies the Sword of the Spirit, which is the Word of God. It is also explained as being symbolical of the towel wherewith the Saviour girded himself to wash the disciples' feet.

The Paliza is identical with the Epigonation, except that it is suspended by one corner instead of by two corners. It is always worn on the right hip. The Epigonation is worn on the right hip; but if the Priest have also a Palitza, the Epigonation is worn on the left hip. Both the Epigonation and the Palitza are typical of profound zeal for the faith, and for the salvation of Christ's flock, and are conferred as rewards of honour.

The distinguishing vestment of the Priest is the Chasuble (Felon), a long, ample garment without sleeves, short in front and with an opening for the head, which is put on over the other vestments.

Archpriests and Priests also receive, as tokens of distinguished service, the pointed and the upright Biretta — the skufya and the kamilavka.

A Bishop wears all the vestments of a Priest, save the Chasuble and Epigonation, his biretta being perpendicular, black, and draped with the monastic veil or cowl. In place of the Chasuble a Bishop wears a Dalmatic, which closely resembles the wide-sleeved Dalmatic of the Deacon. This Dalmatic (Sakkos) is symbolical of Christ's coat without a seam, woven from top to bottom. The Bishop's Stole (Omofor—Pall) is very broad, and hangs clown in front and behind over his other vestments. His Pall typifies the wandering sheep, and the Prelate, when arrayed in this vestment, bears the image of the Saviour Christ, who, as the Good Shepherd, took upon his shoulders the wandering sheep and bare it to those who wander not; that is, to the Angels, in his Father's house. The Mitre is typical of a diadem or crown, and serves as an emblem of the power bestowed upon a minister of the Church. (The Mitre is conferred also upon Archimandrites, or Abbots, and upon certain Archpriests.) The Panagia, which is worn on his breast by a Bishop, is generally a small, circular Holy Image, or Ikona, of our Saviour and the Birth-giver of God. The Panagia (or "all-holy") reminds the Bishop that he must always bear in his heart our Lord and his holy Mother, the Intercessor with God; and, to that end his heart must be pure, and his spirit upright.

The Bishop's Mantle (Mantiya) is a monastic vestment, which covers the whole person with the exception of the head. Its freely flowing lines typify the wings of the Angels; hence it is called "the Angelic vestment." The folds of the Mantle are symbolical of the all-embracing power of God; and also of the strictness, piety and meekness of the monastic life; and that the hands and other members of a monk do not live, and are not fitted for worldly activity, but are all dead. All monks, when present at divine service, must be robed in their mantles.

The peculiarity of a Bishop's mantle is that it is not black in hue, like the monastic mantle, but of purple, or some other color; and upon it are sewn the so-called "Tables of the Law" (Skrizhali), and, in particular, the "Fountains" (Istotchniki). The Tables (squares of velvet at neck and foot) typify the Old and the New Testament, whence the ministers of God should draw their doctrine. The "Fountains" are ribbons, usually red and white in hue, sewn horizontally round the Mantle, and represent the streams of teaching which flow from the mouth of the Bishop. Small bells are attached to the Mantle of a Bishop, and to his Dalmatic, as to the upper robe of the High Priest of the Jews.

The Crozier, or Pastoral Staff (Posokh), is given to Bishops and to Archiman-drites, in token of their spiritual authority over the monasteries or cities which they rule; and as a sign that it behooves them to feed the flock of Christ.

The Eagle (Orletz] is a small circular rug, with the representation of a one-headed eagle soaring over a battlemented city. A Bishop stands on this rug during divine service, and to him alone is its use accorded. He is led upon a large "Eagle" at his Consecration, as the Office of Consecration sets forth. (See that Office.) The view of the city betokens the Prelate's rule over the city; the Eagle denotes the loftiness and purity of his teaching. Thus the Eagle-rug spread for a Bishop to stand upon signifies that he, by his life and doctrine, must resemble the eagle, which soars above all lower things, and aspires unto heaven.

The Sign of the Cross is made with the thumb and the first two fingers of the right hand joined at the tips (the third and fourth fingers being closed on the palm), as a symbol of the Trinity, by touching the brow, the breast, the right shoulder and the left shoulder: in token that every power of mind, heart, soul and strength are dedicated to the service of God. It is made, accompanied by a simple inclination of the head and body, always at the occurrence in prayers and litanies of the words: "Let us attend," "Lord, have mercy," "Grant it, O Lord," "Come, and take up thine abode in us," "Let us pray to the Lord," and so forth.

The sign of the Cross, accompanied by a reverence to the very earth, is made when the following words occur: "Let us worship and fall down;" "Let us give thanks unto the Lord; "or when the singers sing, "Meet and right is it to adore thee," "We praise thee, we bless thee;" "Our Father, who art in heaven;" and when the holy Chalice is brought forth, during the Divine Liturgy, with the words: "Always, now, and ever, and unto ages of ages; "In the fear of God and with faith draw near."

A reverence, unaccompanied by the sign of the Cross, is made when the Priest pronounces the words, "Peace be with you all," "The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with you all," "The blessing of the Lord be upon you; "or when he exclaims, "Bow your heads unto the Lord."

Bishops and Priests, in bestowing the Benediction, hold the fingers in such a manner as to represent the Greek letters 1C, XC — the first and last letters of Jesus Christ.

The Typicon of the Orthodox Catholic Church provides rules for making the Sign of the Cross, the Sign of the Cross with the Bowing of the Head and Knees, during divine services both for the clergy and the worshippers. These rules are found in various chapters of the Typicon, the Ordered Psalter and other liturgical books.

• in the beginning and at the end of readings from Holy Scriptures;
• at the beginning of the reading or singing of the stikhera, Troparion or psalm;
• during the words "alleluia" which are said in the middle of the Six-psalms at Orthros;
• during the reading and singing of the Creed at the words: "I believe," "in one Lord, Jesus Christ," and, "in the Holy Spirit;"
• during the Trisagion — at the beginning of Orthros, at the end of the Great Doxology, and during the Liturgy;
• at the Dismissal during the words — "Christ our true God," during the remembrance of the saints of the day, during the words "By the Power of the Precious and Life-creating Cross." Also in the deacon’s petition "O God, save..." read at the Litia (Great Vespers) and after the Gospel at Orthros.

• upon entering the temple and at the time of leaving;
• at every petition of the ektenia;
• during the ecphony of the priest or reader when giving glory to the Holy Trinity ("Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit;" "In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit," etc.);
• during the following exclamations or ecphonies of the priest or bishop during divine services:

• "Let us stand aright. Let us stand with fear..."
• "Singing the Triumphal Hymn..."
• "Take, eat..."
• "All of you drink of this..."
• "Thine own of thine own..."
• at the ending of the Creed during the words: "and the life of the world to come. Amen."

• "Come let us worship..."
• "Holy God, Holy Mighty..."
• "Alleluia" at the kathismata and after the psalms at the Hours,
• at the ending of the stichera, Troparion and psalm,
• at the mentioning of the name of the Holy Theotokos in the petition: "O God, save thy people..."
• throughout the Kanon from the 1st to the 9th Ode, at each bidding before the Troparia whether to the Lord, Theotokos or the Saint.

At Orthros during —

• the singing of the Theotokion,
• every refrain during the words "We Magnify thee..."
• the ecphony: "Glory to Thee Who has shown us the Light.,"
• "Glory to thee, Christ our God..." and after it, at the end of the Dismissal (Benediction) the exclamation "Let us pray to the Lord," and "To Saint...let us pray," preceding any kind of a prayer, particularly before the prayer of the Moleben.

When moving about the temple one must make the Sign of the Cross and bow his head towards the Royal Doors, especially if one crosses over from one side of the temple to the other (as from south to north).

• "Peace be to all"
• "The blessing of our Lord be upon you..."
• "The Grace of our Lord...be with you all,"
• "And may the mercies of our great God..."
• and also at the exclamation of the deacon: "and unto ages of ages" before the Trisagion,
• Note: When the priest incenses the people, the people simply bow their heads — (they do not make the Sign of the Cross).

The Sign of the Cross is not made by the reader during reading or singing of the psalms and stichera. This is also true for the members of the choir while singing. They simply bow the head at the time of the reading of the Holy Gospel and at the Great Entrance.

At the Great Entrance at the words: "All you Orthodox Christians may the Lord God remember in His Kingdom, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages," they all reply by bowing their heads and saying: "thy priesthood (or archpriesthood or hieromonkhood, or hegumenhood or sacred archimandritehood or bishophood) may the Lord, God remember in His Kingdom..." (at the Patriarchal divine services: "Thy Holiness may the Lord...").

(Week days with the exception of specific days indicated below)

• At the exclamation: "Let us give thanks unto the Lord!" at the Consecration — the end of the singing of "We praise Thee... ;"
• During the singing of "Our Father;"
• During the first and second bringing forth of the Holy Gifts (for receiving of Holy Communion);
• A prostration may be made at the exclamation: "Holy* Things are for the Holy!"

According to the Typicon, Hormologion, and the Lenten Triodion, prostrations are prescribed during Great Lent (Tessaracost) at the following times:

• During the reading of the Kathismata at Orthros — 3 prostrations (at the Kathismata of the Hours and Vespers the metania is used instead of the prostration);
• During every refrain of the hymn to the Theotokos at Orthros;
• During "It is Truly meet... ;"
• Great Aftersupper, during "All-holy Sovereign Lady and Theotokos..." and during the petitions which follow;
• Vespers and the Hours during the singing of the Penitential Troparia;
• At the "Typics" during the singing of "Remember us, O Master" (3 times);
• The prayer of St. Ephraim (Ephrem) the Syrian — three (3) prostrations, and with the accompanying prayer "O God, cleanse Thou me a sinner" do 12 metanias and again one prostration after repeating St. Ephraim’s prayer in its entirety (When the Prayer of St. Ephraim the Syrian is read at certain times of the service of the 9th Hour, and the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts, without the accompanying prayer "O God, cleanse Thou me a sinner," then do only the three prostrations);
• From Vespers on Friday through Sunday evening Vespers during Great Lent prostrations are dispensed with except at specific times during the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts (if celebrated on Friday evening) at the exclamations:

a) "The Light of Christ..."

b) "Now the Powers of Heaven..."

c) "Let my prayer be set forth ..."

According to the Typicon, there are no prostrations on Sundays, and:

• From the Pre-feast of the Nativity of Christ (Dec. 20 / Jan. 2) through the Apodosis (Octave) of Theophany (Jan. 14 / Jan. 27);
• From Orthros of Great Thursday to Vespers of Pentecost (The exceptions are prostrations before the Epitaphion);
• During all Doudenary Feast days and their Apodosis, with the exception of the Feast of the Elevation of the Holy Cross, when prostrations are generally performed before the Precious Cross;
• Throughout the day when Holy Communion is received;
• Prostrations stop at Great Vespers after the "Entrance Procession" during the All night Vigil on the eve of the feast and resume after "Vouchsafe, O Lord..."at the Vespers on the Feast Day itself.

The Church Typicon forbids individual (personal) prostrations (at the whim of the individual) during public divine services, except those prostrations that are set forth, as well as it forbids prolonged standing on one’s knees, which disorganizes, disrupts, the proper order of worship. All directives of the Church Typicon have in view a definite measure of prayerful zeal by the worshipper and the celebrants of divine services and contribute to concentrated prayer in giving heed attentively to all hymns that are read and sung. These rules arrange for the order and harmony in liturgical services, and guard the celebrant from involuntary deviation toward external actions (Matt. 6:5, Luke 18:11).

The ringing of bells in the Orthodox Catholic Church is not for splendor or esthetic pleasure; but for the announcing of the beginning of Divine Services. Every daily cycle of public Divine Services starts with the ringing of bells. The order for the ringing of bells is found throughout the Typicon, starting in the first chapter and indicates various circumstances for which they are employed. The Typicon uses the following expressions for the designation of bells: beat (strike), klepat’ (hit), znamenat’ (signal), and, udarit’ (toll). The degree of the solemnity of the services distinguishes the ringing of the Little Bell, Weekday Bell, Polyeleos Bell, Sunday Bell, etc., example: at the Lesser (Small) Vespers the sexton or bell-ringer strikes the Little Bell (Typicon, Chapter 1). For the Great Vespers the sexton strikes the great "Campana" (bell) slowly, at the time of the singing of the Eulogetaria ("Blessed are Thou, O Lord...") or at the reading of the Psalm 50 (Typicon, Chapter 2).

The purpose for the ringing of bells is to call the faithful to services, to inform those absent from divine services of the various moments of the liturgical happenings in the divine services, and to call attention for concentration by the worshippers to the most sacred moments. Conforming to these aims and purposes of bell ringing, and to distinguish the various methods of bell ringing, the following terms are used:

This may be called the Announcement or Annunciation Bell. It is a slow rhythmic, unhurried striking of one bell. This is rung for the beginning of services. This bell is called Blagovest’ because the faithful are joyfully called to the temple: "I rejoiced at the things that were said to me: We shall go into the house of the Lord." (Psalm 121:1)

The Blagovest’ is used not only at the beginning of the services, but also during the important moments of the services. For instance: during the Holy Liturgy at the time of (1) The Creed (12 strikes for the 12 Articles of the Symbol of Faith); (2) before "It is Truly meet...;" (3) before the Moleben following the Liturgy; (4) Blagovest’ also introduces the following aggregates: Ninth Hour — Vespers — Aftersupper; (5) Mesonyctics — Orthros — First Hour; (6) Third Hour — Sixth Hour — Liturgy; (7) Allnight Vigil: Great Vespers-Great Orthros — First Hour (but for Allnight Vigil the Blagovest’ is followed by the Trezvon to introduce Great Vespers, a major Acolouth); (8) Third and Sixth Hours — Ninth Hour — Typica — Vespers; {9) Third and Sixth Hours — Ninth Hour — Typica — Vespers — Liturgy of the Presanctified (or Liturgy of St. Basil); (10) Great Aftersupper (Povecerie).

During the Great Fast (Tessaracost) on ordinary weekdays there is Blagovest’ at Third Hour, Sixth Hour, Ninth Hour, and Great Aftersupper, three strokes for the Third Hour, six for the Sixth Hour, nine for the Ninth and twelve for Great Aftersupper.

At the service of the Twelve Gospels (Holy Great Thursday), the bell is struck at the beginning of each Gospel reading the number of times according to the number of the Gospel (Example: before the first Gospel reading the bell is struck one time; before the second Gospel two times, etc. Also, the trezvon is rung at the conclusion of the Twelve Gospels).

At the Hours of Great Holy Friday the bell is struck before the Third Hour three times; before the Sixth Hour six times; and, before the Ninth Hour nine times.

Before the Liturgy the Blagovest’ is rung until the Hours are begun (usually a half hour before the Liturgy).

(Peal)

This is the ringing of bells in three modes, thricely repeating a musical measure with a definite harmony of many selected bells.

The Trezvon is used at the beginning of solemn (major) services: The Allnight Vigil, and during Orthros before the Six-psalms (Hexapsalmos), before the Gospel, at the end of the solemn Allnight Vigil; at the Liturgy, i.e., after the Sixth Hour and before the Liturgy begins; after the conclusion of the Liturgy; before and after the Moleben on the Temple Feast Day; after the reading of the Twelve Gospels on Great Thursday evening; and, after the Gospel reading during Liturgy on the first day of Holy Pascha.

(Chain-ringing)

This is a successive ringing of all the bells from the largest (lowest pitch) to the smallest (highest pitch), with the striking of each bell a number of times before the next bell is struck, and repeating this method several times.

The Perezvon is used before the Water blessing Molebens, before the carrying forth of the Holy Cross on the Feast of the Elevation of the Holy Cross (September 14) and the Third Sunday (Cross-veneration Sunday) of the Great Tessaracost, at the Hours before the consecration of a bishop. The Perezvon is rung with a short ringing of the Trezvon at the immersing of the Holy Cross during the Great Water Sanctification and after the carrying forth of the Holy Cross to the center of the temple.

The Perezvon is also rung during Vespers on Great Friday at the stichera for "Glory...both now...Amen, (of the aposticha) When Joseph with Nicodemus had taken Thee from the tree, Thou did clothe Thyself with light as a garment..." (before the Epitaphion is taken from the Altar to the center of the temple), and at the Great Doxology of the Orthros of Lamentation of Great Saturday. The Perezvon is followed by the Trezvon as the procession re-enters the temple. It is rung at the burial of priests, hieromonks, archimandrites and bishops.

(Toll)

This is the slow tolling of each bell, beginning with the largest (lowest pitch) to the smallest and ending with a striking of all the bells all at once.

The Perebor is used at the carrying out of the deceased from the temple for burial and is known as the burial bell or funeral toll. There is no Trezvon after this bell.

At the Pontifical (Archiereical) Liturgy the Blagovest’ is rung at the appointed time, then the Trezvon is rung at the arrival of the bishop. The Blagovest’ then continues to peal up to the time of the vesting of the bishop. The Trezvon is rung again at the Sixth Hour.

The Holy Images (Ikoni), the Holy Things, and the people who are present at the divine service, are honoured with incense. The censing before the Holy Door signifies the desire of the worshippers that their prayers shall be borne up to the throne of God, as the incense from the censer is wafted heavenward; and that their petitions shall be well-pleasing to God like fragrant incense. The censing of the people is symbolical of the grace of the Holy Spirit, which is shed abroad everywhere, upon all men. The censer (Kadilo) represents the Divine Ember, even Christ.

For the special significance of the censing at different points of the services.

The rubrics for incensing at the daily divine services are found throughout the Typicon in chapters 2, 9, 15, and 22. Besides this, as a liturgical action, incensing is also performed in conjunction with: Baptism, Holy Unction, Burial of the Dead, Parastasis or Pannychis, and the Lesser and Great Sanctification of Water.

In chapter 2 of the Typicon, rubrics are given for incensing at the Allnight Vigil. At the beginning of the Allnight Vigil the priest and the deacon do a complete incensing of the Sanctuary, Iconostasis, worshippers and the whole temple. During the stichera for "Lord, I call..." a complete incensing is also done by the deacon, if there is one, otherwise by the priest. In this same chapter the order for the procession with the incenser is found, plus incensing at the Litia, at the blessing of five loaves, and at the Eulogetaria (‘Neporocny') of Orthros.

Chapter 9 includes the information on incensing at the daily Vespers and Orthros. At Vespers — a complete incensing at "Lord, I call..." and at Orthros — incensing at the beginning of the service and at the 9th Ode of the Kanon.

Chapter 15 indicates how to incense at the Polyeleos on Saturdays and on Feast Days, with an Allnight Vigil (Great Vespers — Orthros).

Chapter 22 designates "when the priest is to incense" and repeats that which was mentioned in the preceding chapters on incensing and indicates the order for incensing.

The order for a complete incensing consists of the following: incensing the Holy Altar on all four sides, the Cross at the back of the Holy Altar, the icon above the High Place, Altar of Prothesis, (Proskomedea-Oblation), all the icons in the Sanctuary on the right side and then on the left side, the celebrant and all who are con-celebrating (if the deacon is incensing), after which the Iconostasis — starting with the Royal Doors and then the icon of Christ the Saviour, and the rest of the icons on the southern side, afterwards the icon of the Theotokos and the remaining icons on the northern side of the Iconostasis, the celebrant (provided he is outside of the Sanctuary), and finally from the Ambon all the faithful. After this, the priest or deacon descends from the Ambon and incenses the icons of the temple in a linear order, according to the arrangement in the temple, i.e., when descending the Ambon, the priest goes to his left as he looks out at the congregation (southern side of the temple), incensing the icons on the south wall area, down the left isle, then across the back of the temple and up the right isle (north side of the temple). After the incensing of the entire temple, he again comes to the Royal Doors and incenses them, the icon of the Saviour and the icon of the Theotokos, enters the Sanctuary through the southern door, incenses the front of the Holy Altar, and the con-celebrating priests (If the deacon is incensing he makes the Sign of the Cross upon himself and bows to the celebrants).

Throughout the year a complete incensing at the week-day Vespers is performed only at "Lord, I call..." At the weekday Orthros, incensing is done twice: at the beginning of Orthros and at the 9th Ode of the Kanon. For the first incensing at Orthros the rubrics specify: "The priest enters the Sanctuary, takes the incenser offering the ‘Prayer of the Incenser/ stands in front of the Holy Altar and incenses it and says: ‘Blessed is our God/ Then he incenses around the Holy Altar, the rest of the Sanctuary, and goes through the North Door and incenses the icons in the customary manner. Returning to the Sanctuary through the southern door, the priest stands in front of the Holy Altar and offers the Little Ektenia with the incenser in his hand. After the words of the reader: ‘In the name of the Lord, Father, Bless!’ he makes the Sign of the Cross with the incenser in front of the Holy Altar exclaiming: ‘Glory to the Holy Consubstantial, Life-creating and Undivided Trinity... / For the second incensing at the 8th Ode of the Kanon of Orthros, when the choir sings: "We praise, bless... /’ the priest incenses the Holy Altar, the Sanctuary, the Iconostasis, and at the icon of the Theotokos (in the Iconostasis) intones: ‘The Theotokos and Mother of Light..." and then continues to incense according to the order for a complete incensing.

A complete incensing takes place at the beginning of Great Vespers. The priest (in epitrakhelion, epimanika and phelonion, — which remain on throughout the entire service) with the incenser, and the deacon with a candle, incenses the Holy Altar and the Sanctuary (The deacon walks in front of the priest while the priest incenses). After incensing the Sanctuary, the deacon goes out through the north door to the Soleas and exclaims: "Arise! Master Bless!" then goes to the High Place and stands facing the priest. The priest, standing in front of the Holy Altar, makes the Sign of the Cross with the incenser and exclaims: "Glory to the Holy, Consubstantial, Life-creating and Undivided Trinity..." "Amen." "Come let us worship..." is sung by the celebrant, but according to custom, "Come let us worship..." is sung by all the clergy in the Sanctuary, after which the incensing of the entire temple takes place. The psalm is sung by the choir and people.

At "Lord, I call…the deacon (if there isn’t one, then the priest) performs again a complete incensing of the temple. After the conclusion of the stichera at "Both now and ever," the Procession is made with the incenser. The Royal Doors are opened (at "Both now and ever"), two candle bearers proceed out of the north door, followed by the deacon with the incenser, and the priest, who go to the soleas. The deacon approaches the Royal Doors to the right of the priest and receives the blessing for the incensing from the priest, and then he incenses the Royal Doors, the icons of the Saviour and the Theotokos, the Temple Feast Day Icon in the Iconostasis, and the priest. After this the deacon transfers the incenser from his right hand to his left, with his right hand he takes the orarion in the "petition position" and stands half-turned to the priest, saying quietly "Let us pray to the Lord." The priest quietly reads the Entrance Prayer: "In the evening and in the morning and at noonday..." The deacon points his hand with the orarion to the East and exclaims/’ "Bless Master, the holy entrance." The priest gives the blessing with his hand saying: "Blessed is the entrance of the holy ones, O Lord." Then the deacon incenses the priest, standing to the right of the priest on the soleas, and waits for the conclusion of the Theotokion. After this, the deacon stands in the middle of the Royal Doors and makes the Sign of the Cross with the incenser and exclaims: "Wisdom! Attend!" then proceeds into the Sanctuary, incenses the Holy Altar on all four sides and the High Place, gives the incenser to the Altar boy, kisses the Holy Attar, makes the Sign of the Cross upon himself facing the East (the High Place), bows to the priest, and stands to the left of the Holy Altar at the High Place facing West (toward the people). See the chapter on Great Vespers for additional detailed information on incensing.

The practice of incensing the Holy Altar and the Sanctuary during the Litia is a mistake. According to the Typicon the Royal Doors are closed for the Litia (Note: In this country the practice has been to have the Royal Doors open and make the exit from the Sanctuary through the Royal Doors). The exit for the Litia is made through the north door, which is closed after the exit, to the Vestibule and only there the deacons incense the holy icons, the presiding celebrant, and the choir according to rank. But the present customary practice is to perform the Litia at the rear of the temple, therefore the deacon incenses only the following: icons in the Iconostasis, the clergy, the choir, and the people.

At the time of the singing of the Troparion, the deacon "receives his blessing from the priest for incensing; he incenses around the analogion three times, afterwards the celebrant, and the five loaves from the front only. The deacon gives the incenser to the Altar boy, makes the Sign of the Cross, and bows to the priest." The incensing should be timed so as to coincide with the singing of the Troparion (three times) and ought to be concluded at about the same time as the singing (of the Troparion).

At the singing of the Polyeleos and the Troparia: ‘The Council of Angels....." there is a complete incensing of the temple, beginning at the Holy Altar. If there is an Exaltation (Velicanie) then at the time of the Polyeleos the clergy leave the Sanctuary and go in procession to the center of the temple, carrying the feast day icon. After the clergy sing the Exaltation, there is an incensing of the Feast Day icon on the analogion on all four sides, after which the Sanctuary and the whole temple is incensed. At the time of the incensing, the choir sings the appropriate verses, and also the Exaltation. When the incensing of the whole temple is concluded, the priest and the deacon return to the Feast Day Icon on the analogion and sing the Exaltation for the third time. The deacon then takes the incenser from the priest and incenses him, makes the Sign of the Cross, and bows to the priest.

At the 8th Ode of the Kanon of the feast, just as for the week-day Orthros, the deacon receives the blessing from the priest and incenses the Sanctuary. During the singing of the "Katabasia" (8th Ode of the 2nd Kanon or 8th Ode repeated) the deacon (the priest if there is no deacon) leaves the Sanctuary through the North Door and incenses the Royal Doors and all the icons on the right side of the Iconostasis. He stops in front of the icon of the Theotokos and after the "Katabasia" exclaims (or sings) the Ecphony: "The Theotokos and Mother of Light....." or the Feast Day refrain before the 9th Ode, or, if there isn’t any refrain, he sings (if possible) the beginning words of the Hiermos of the 9th Ode. After this he incenses the icon of the Theotokos three times three, then the left side of the Iconostasis, the faithful, and the entire temple.

• During the reading of the Hours, after the Prothesis but before the Liturgy (of the Catechumens), there is a complete incensing of the entire temple.
• The next incensing during the Liturgy takes place before the reading of the Gospel at the "Alleluarion." The deacon incenses the Holy Altar, Altar of Prothesis, the balance of the Sanctuary, only the two icons-of the Saviour and the Theotokos in the iconostasis, the clergy and the people. He returns to the Sanctuary and incenses the front of the Holy Altar, the priest, and gives the incenser to the Altar boy, makes the Sign of the Cross, and bows to the priest.
• The third incensing is at the time of the Cherubimic Hymn and is done according to the order of incensing before the reading of the Gospel (See above in 2. Note, that the incensing of the entire Iconostasis is not prescribed).
• The fourth incensing is during "Especially our Most Holy, Immaculate..." at which time the Consecrated Gifts are incensed three times three by the priest from the front of the Holy Altar. If there is a deacon, then after the priest exclaims: "Especially our Most Holy, Immaculate..." he gives the incenser to the deacon who incenses the Holy Altar, the Sanctuary, and the priest.
• The fifth incensing takes place in front of the Holy Gifts before the exclamation: "always, now and ever..." (when "We have seen the True Light..." is sung) at the Holy Altar and again when the Holy Gifts are placed on the Altar of Prothesis (Oblations).

Incensing at other times takes place at special Feast Day services such as: bringing forth of the Cross (on the eve of the Elevation of the Cross and eve of 3rd Sunday of Great Lent), the Apodosis ("leave-taking" of the feast) of the Feast of the Elevation, incensing at Great Aftersupper of the Nativity of Christ, Theophany and the Annunciation, incensing at Orthros on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks of Great Lent, incensing on the 5th week of Great Lent at the service of the Akathistos to the Theotokos, incensing on the 6th week (week of Palm Sunday), at the Orthros of the Twelve Gospels (Holy Great Thursday), at Vespers of the placing of the Epitaphion, at Orthros on Great Saturday, etc. All corresponding incensing procedures are indicated in the rubrics of those services.

According to Chapter 9 in the Typicon, it states that incensing is always performed during the Litia for the dead, as also during the Pannychis and the Burial Service. At the singing of the Troparia: "The choirs of the saints..." one must incense the Requiem analogion, the Altar, Iconostasis, the clergy and the people. At the Kontakion after the 6th Ode, "With the Saints give rest....." incense the Requiem analogion, the Iconostasis, and the faithful. The same procedure is followed at "Memory Eternal."

The celebration of the Daily Vespers takes place on all days of the year when there is no feast with Polyeleos or the Allnight Vigil prescribed.

The priest vests in the epitrachelion and phelonion (and in practise also in the epimanikia), uncovers the Holy Altar, opens the Katapetasma (curtain), kisses the edge of the Holy Altar, takes the Liturgicon, exits through the North Deacon’s door, makes three metania before the Royal Doors (if it is Tessaracost — makes three prostrations), stands upright, and intones the Ecphony of blessing for the beginning of Vespers: "Blessed is our God, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." The priest proceeds to read silently the Prayers of Light and after concluding them, re-enters the Sanctuary through the South Deacon’s door. The deacon comes to the place in front of the Royal Doors for the ektenia. If the priest does not have the assistance of a deacon, he remains in front of the Royal Doors to chant the Ektenia and goes into the Sanctuary after the Ecphony, kisses the adge of the Altar, and stands in front of it in the usual place.

Following the blessing, the reader says, "Amen" and proceeds to read "Glory to Thee." "0 Heavenly King..." "Holy God..." etc., "Our Father..." "Amen." "Lord, have mercy (12 times), Glory...both now...Amen. Come, let us worship..." and, Psalm 103. This is the customary beginning of Vespers if it is the first service of an aggregate, otherwise it could begin after the blessing with "Come, let us worship..." However, this "full beginning" by the reader must be done on the Eve of the Nativity of Christ, Holy Theophany, and Holy Great Friday. The reader should be vested in the sticharion and read in the center of the temple, or, position himself on the cleros near the icon of the Saviour with himself somewhat turned toward the congregation in order that every word be heard clearly. At the end of Psalm 103 the reader says: "Glory...both now...Amen. Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia, glory to Thee. O Lord" (thrice).

"During Paschal Bright Week, in place of "Come, let us worship..." "Christ is Risen..." is sung three times, and, in place of Psalm 103, the Troparion "Christ is Risen..." and the verses "Let God arise, and let His enemies be scattered..." are sung. From St. Thomas Sunday to Holy Ascension after the Ecphony of blessing, "Christ is Risen..." is sung three times in place of "Come, let us worship..." but Psalm 103 is read. The presiding celebrant and all clergy in the Sanctuary sing "Christ is Risen" two and a half times, and the third time it is completed by the singers.

The Great Ektenia is chanted in front of the Royal Doors. After the Ecphony the Kathismata is read: "Lord, have mercy (thrice), Glory...both now...Amen." The first section of the prescribed Kathismata is read, then "Glory... Alleluia alleluia, alleluia." "Glory to Thee, O God." (thrice) "Lord, have mercy." (thrice) "Glory... both now. Amen." The second set of psalms of the Kathismata is read. After the third set of psalms the reader makes a conclusion: "Glory...both now...Amen." "Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia, glory to Thee, O God" (thrice).

The Little Ektenia is said between sections of the Kathismata during Great Tessaracost, especially before the Presanctified, and after the conclusion of the Kathismata. Following the Ecphony, "Lord, I call upon Thee..." in the Tone of the stichera which are given first in the order after "Lord, I call..." and, six stichera on weekdays, during the year and Great Lent, while on Sunday evenings of Tessaracost there are ten stichera. "Glory...both now... Amen." The Theotokion or sticheron. It should be pointed out that there is a stichos read or sung before the reading or singing of each sticheron, these stichoi are found in the Horologion following "Lord, I call..."

During the course of the year, the Entrance is made only at certain feast days in the same manner as indicated in Great Vespers. The priest or deacon carry the incenser during the procession, the Holy Gospel when there is set a reading from it. The Entrance is made on Cheesefast Sunday evening, on the eve of the Proheorita of the Meeting of the Lord (February 1 — if it occurs on Cheesefast Saturday), on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th Sunday evening of the Great Tessaracost, and on Palm Sunday evening; and also on the weekday evenings of the 2nd through the 6th weeks of Tessaracost if on any of those days is also a saint’s feast with Polyeleos.

"Wisdom! Attend!" "Gladsome Light ..." If there is no Entrance, the priest says "Wisdom! Attend!" in the Sanctuary. The Prokoemenon of the day or Alleluia on eve of Meatfast Saturday and eve of Pentecost Saturday. During the Great Tessaracost the Prokoemenon is that given before each Paremea. After the Prokoemenon the Royal Doors are closed. "Vouchsafe, O Lord to keep us this night..." is read. The Ektenia: "Let us complete our evening prayer unto the Lord..." The Ecphony: "For Thou art a good God, Who loves mankind, and to Thee we send up glory..." "Peace be to all." "And to thy spirit." "Let us bow our heads unto the Lord." The Ecphony: "Blessed and glorified be the majesty of Thy Kingdom..." It is better to chant the ektenia in front of the Royal Doors.

"Glory...both now...Amen." The Theotokion or the stichera of the Prefeast (Proheortia) or Afterfeast (Metheortia). In Holy Tessaracost the "Glory...Amen." is followed by the stichera from the Triodion.

"Now dismiss Thy servant in peace ..." The Trisagion. "Our Father." After "Amen/’ the Troparion, "Glory...both now...Amen." The Theotokion. During the Holy Tessaracost the following Troparia are sung:

The Ektenia: "Have mercy on us, O God, according to Thy great mercy ..." If it is the Great Tessaracost, instead of the ektenia, the reader, immediately after the above Troparia says: "Lord, have mercy" (40 times), "Glory...both now... Amen." "More honorable than the Cherubim..." "In the Name of the Lord, Father bless!" The priest gives the blessing: "Blessed is He Who is, Christ our God, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." The reader: "Amen." "O Heavenly King, make firm the faith, guide the nations, give peace to the world, and preserve this holy church. Grant repose to our departed fathers and brethren in the dwelling place of the righteous. Receive us in repentance and confession. For Thou art good and loves mankind." The priest recites the Prayer of St. Ephrem and all do the prostrations (First, the priest recites the petitions of the prayer and all do a prostration after each asking. Then, semi-audibly or silently, everyone does twelve metania saying: "God, cleanse me, a sinner" at each metania. After this, the priest once again recites all three petitions of St. Ephrem without pausing for prostrations, and all do one prostration after the priest concludes with the "Amen.") Priest: "Glory to Thee, Christ God, glory to Thee." Reader (or singers): "Glory...both now...Amen. Lord, have mercy, (thrice) father, bless!" The priest makes the Dismissal and the singers respond with the Polychronion.

Note: When the priest concludes the words of the Dismissal "...for He is good and loves mankind" the practise of responding with the word "Amen" is in error; it should not be done, rather the Polychronion should be sung immediately.

During the days of the year, other than Holy Tessaracost, after the Ektenia, "Have mercy on us..." and the Ecphony, "For Thou art a merciful God Who loves mankind..." the priest begins the order for the Dismissal by saying: "Wisdom!" Singers: "Father, bless!" Priest: "Blessed is He Who is....." Singers: "Make firm, O God, the Holy Orthodox Faith, and the Orthodox Christians, unto ages of ages." Priest: "Most holy Theotokos, save us." Singers: "More honorable than the Cherubim..." Priest: "Glory to Thee, Christ God..." Singers: "Glory...both now... Amen. Lord, have mercy, (thrice) Father, bless." The priest gives the Dismissal. The Polychronion.

Note: On the weekdays of Great Tessaracost, following the prayer of St. Ephrem (with 16 prostrations), the following is said: The Trisagion through "Our Father." "Lord, have mercy." (12) "All holy Trinity, consubstantial power, undivided kingdom, the cause of all good things, also be pleased with me the sinner. Make firm and give understanding to my heart, and take away from me all that is impure. Enlighten my thoughts, that I may forever glorify, hymn and worship Thee, and say: One is Holy, One is the Lord, Jesus Christ, to the glory of God the Father. Amen." "Blessed be the Name of the Lord, from henceforth, and forever." (thrice; The Horologion also states that three prostrations are ordered with the "Blessed be the Name ...") "Glory...both now...Amen." Psalm 33. "Wisdom." "It is Truly meet..." "Glory... both now...Amen." "Lord, have mercy." (thrice) "Father, bless." The Dismissal and the Polychronion.

At sunset the paraecclesiarchos, receives blessings from the presiding priest, slowly rings the large bell while reciting — to himself unhurriedly — Psalm 118 (Neporocny) or Psalm 50. After ringing the bell he lights the candles and vigil lamps, then rings all the bells. Having returned to the temple, he then places a lighted candle in front of the closed Royal Doors.

The priest-celebrant vests in the epitrachelion, he kisses the cross on the neck part of the epitrachelion, puts incense into the incenser and secretly recites the prayer of the incenser, proceeds to incense the Holy Altar on ‘all four sides, the Prothesis, the Sanctuary (incenses the Cross behind the Altar, the icons on the right side of the Sanctuary, turns and incenses the ‘High Place’ and the icons on the left side and the icon over the Royal Doors on the inside), opens the Royal Doors, exits through them and incenses the Iconostasis, the people, the right side of the temple, the vestibule, the left side of the temple, re-enters the Sanctuary, and, standing at the Holy Altar lifts up the incenser and with it makes the sign of the Cross and intones: "Glory to the Holy, Consubstantial, Life-creating and Undivided Trinity, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages."* Choir: "Amen."

The celebrant and all those in the Sanctuary sing: "Come, let us worship and fall down before God our King" in a subdued voice. The second offering is somewhat louder: "Come, let us worship and fall down before Christ, our King and God."

The third is sung loudly: "Come, let us worship and fall down before the Very Christ, our King and our God." And again, "Come, let us worship and fall down before Him." The choir and people sing Psalm 103.

In cathedrals and parish churches the priest-celebrant is vested in the cassock, rason, epitrachelion, epimanikia and phelonion. The phelonion is worn during the entire service. The deacon is vested in all of his diaconal vestments.

After the last "Come, let us worship..." the Royal Doors are closed, the Katapetasma (curtain) remains open, and the chief celebrant goes to stand in front of them, head uncovered, to read the "Prayers of Light" silently. If there be a deacon, the priest, at the conclusion of the prayers, enters the Sanctuary, while the deacon comes out and chants the Great Ektenia in front of the Royal Doors. If the priest celebrates by himself, he chants the Great Ektenia in front of the Royal Doors and enters the Sanctuary after the Ecphony.

In parish practise the priest, having vested as indicated above, comes to the Holy Altar, kisses it, opens the Royal Doors, incenses the Altar on all four sides, the Prothesis, the entire Sanctuary, and stands in front of the Altar and exclaims: "Glory to the Holy, Consubstantial, ..." (if Orthros will follow, otherwise if Vespers is done alone, "Blessed is our God..." is said), sings the "Come, let us worship..." and then incenses the Iconostasis, the people, and the entire temple. Upon completion of the incensing, he closes the Royal Doors and goes to stand in front of them to read the Prayers of Light. If a deacon assists the priest, he does not incense at this time but carries a large candle and walks ahead of the priest for the incensing which they thus do together.

Note: The assisting deacon, at the conclusion of the incensing of the Sanctuary and before the priest’s blessing ("Glory..."), comes forth through the Royal Doors to the Soleas and intones an invitation: "Arise! Lord bless!" and, continues to assist in incensing the entire temple with the celebrant. In some practices the deacon says "Arise!" and the choir responds "Lord bless!"

Following the Ecphony of the Great Ektenia, the first Kathismata is sung: "Blessed is the man who walks not in the counsel of the ungodly. Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia." -and so forth. The common practise is to utilize the normally accepted selected verses from the psalms of the first Kathismata as set in most present day musical arrangements. Care ought to be exercised that unnecessary ‘shortening’ of even the selected verses not be made.

The Little Ektenia, the Ecphony, "For Thine is the majesty, and Thine art the Kingdom..." and "Lord, I call upon Thee..." in the Tone of the day. An incensing takes place of the entire Sanctuary, the Iconostasis, the people and the temple. This incensing is done by the deacon, however if there is no deacon, the priest incenses.

Ten stichera are sung (and the stichoi (verses) beginning with "Bring my soul out of prison, that I may praise Thy Name.") three of the Sunday in the Tone; four Anatole (these follow the Sunday stichera in the Octoechos); and, three for the saint in the Menaeon (if there is a Meneaon available, otherwise use the three stichera that are found in the Octoechos listed "for the All-Holy Theotokos work of Paul of Amareia" — and these follow the above seven stichera). "Glory..." for the saint; if there is none, then "Glory...both now...Amen" and the Theotokion (dogmatic) of the Octoechos (Otherwise "Glory" is for saint, "Both now" Octoechos). The Royal Doors are opened during the singing of "Both now..."

After opening the Royal Doors the deacon receives the incenser and asks the priest to bless it, kisses the Holy Altar, the priest kisses it also, and preceded by the candle-bearer(s; acolytes) they, the priest, deacon and servers, circle the Altar and exit through the North door to the center of the Royal Doors. The priest stands in the center facing the Altar, the deacon is in front of the priest and slightly to his right, stands at an angle and holds the orarion in his right hand ("petition position"), head bowed, in a voice heard only by the priest, says: "Let us pray to the Lord."

The priest offers the Prayer of Entrance: "In the evening, and in the morning and at noonday, we praise Thee, bless Thee and pray to, Thee, the Lord of all. Direct our prayer as incense before Thee, and do not incline our hearts to words or thoughts of evil; but save us from all who seek after our souls; for to Thee Lord, O Lord, do we lift up our eyes, and hope on Thee; put us not to shame, O our God."

After the prayer the deacon bows to the priest and pointing (still) to the east with his right hand holding the orarion says: "Master, bless the holy entrance." The priest, facing the Holy Altar (east), blesses with his right hand: "Blessed is the entrance of Thy saints Lord, now and ever, and unto ages of ages. Amen."

At the conclusion of the Theotokion, the deacon with his right hand lifts the incenser, makes the sign of the Cross (starting high above his head) with it and proclaims: "Wisdom! Attend!" The choir and people sing: "Gladsome Light..." The deacon proceeds into the Sanctuary, incenses around the Altar (at its four sides), the High Place. The priest kisses the two small icons located on the sides or pillars of the Royal Doors area, and the Altar, and goes to the High Place, makes the sign of the Cross and a small metania and stands to the right of center (southeast corner of the Altar) facing the congregation. The deacon comes forth through the Royal Doors and incenses the people, turns and incenses the front of the Altar and the priest, and puts away (gives the server) the incenser, kisses the Altar, goes to the left side of the Altar and makes a lesser metania toward the High Place, bows to the priest, and stands at the northeast corner of the Altar (in line with the priest), facing the congregation.

At the conclusion of "Gladsome Light" the deacon says: "Attend!" The priest: "Peace be to all." (The priest blesses the people with his right hand. If a bishop is present the priest does not bless with his hand at any time). The deacon: (if there is no deacon, the priest says all of this) "Wisdom, Attend! The Prokoemenon in Tone 6 (Saturday night):"

Deacon (or priest): "The Lord is King, He is robed in splendor." The choir repeats "The Lord is King..."

Deacon (stichos): "The Lord has clothed Himself with power and has girded Himself." The choir repeats "The Lord is King....."

Deacon (stichos): "For He has established the world which shall not be moved." The choir repeats "The Lord is King....."

Deacon (stichos): "Holiness belongs to Thy House, O Lord, unto length of days." The choir repeats "The Lord is King....."

Deacon: "The Lord is King." The choir: "He is robed in splendor."

The priest and the deacon turn (usually at the last "The Lord is King"), make the sign of the Cross (lesser metania) to the High Place, and proceed to their places — the priest to the place in front of the Altar, the deacon closes the Royal Doors, and goes out through the North door to stand in front of the Royal Doors for the ektenia.

Note: If the priest celebrates alone, he does the Entrance in this manner: After coming to the place in front of the opened Royal Doors, he takes the incenser from his right hand and places it into his left hand, offers the Prayer of the Entrance and blesses with his right hand, then lifts up the incenser high above his bead, and, makes the sign of the Cross with the incenser, says: "Wisdom! Attend!" He then incenses the front of the Holy Altar, the other three sides, the High Place, and comes in front of the Altar to hand to the server the incenser, kisses the Altar, and goes to the High Place, etc., and faces the congregation to offer the Prokoemenon. He does not incense the people as does the deacon.

The Fervent Supplication Ektenia: "Let us all say with all our soul and with all our mind, let us say." etc. After the Ecphony "For Thou art a merciful God..." the reader or the priest chant the "Vouchsafe O Lord, to keep us this night without sin....." And the Ektenia of Askings: "Let us complete our evening prayer unto the Lord..." etc. The Ecphony: "For Thou art a good God, and loves mankind, and to Thee we send up glory, to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." "Amen." "Peace be to all!" "And to thy spirit." The deacon (or priest): "Let us bow our heads unto the Lord." "To Thee O Lord."

The priest during this time reads the Prayer of Bowing of the Head (silently): O Lord our God, Who inclined the heavens and came down for the salvation of mankind, look upon Thy servants and upon Thine inheritance. Thy servants have bowed their heads to Thee, the awesome Judge and lover of mankind. They have bent their necks awaiting help not from men, but from Thy mercy, and hope in Thy salvation. Guard them at all times, both in the present evening and in the approaching night, from all enemies, from every adverse action of the Devil, from vain thoughts and from evil recollections.

And, the Ecphony: ‘‘Blessed and glorified be the majesty of Thy Kingdom.

Note: The above two ektenias are said by the deacon before the closed Royal Doors. However, if there is no deacon present, the priest says them at the Altar — with the Royal Doors closed.

The Royal Doors are opened and the procession of candle-bearers, deacon and priest to the vestibule is made (if this is not practical, to the back part of the temple), with the incenser. The blessing of the five loaves, wheat, wine and oil in current practise is customarily done only on eves of major feast days rather than at each Saturday evening Great Vespers. During the procession the choir sings the stichera of the Litia. The priest stands in the center, the candle-bearers in front of him and to each side, and, the deacon to the priest’s right in front of him. In Bulgakov, Nastolnaya Kniga p. 768, it states that the deacon remains in the Sanctuary for this procession to incense the Sanctuary, Iconostasis, people, temple and priest and comes to the place of the Litia (This is Kievan practise, presuming then that the Royal Doors remain open). However, the Typicon calls for the procession to come forth from the North Door, — hence, Royal Doors are not opened — and proceed to the place of the Litia, where the deacon incenses the icons (in the vestibule), the chief celebrant and priests according to rank, the choirs, and comes to stand in his place. Royal Doors are opened only during a Hierarchical (Pontifical) celebration. The ektenia is said by the deacon (or priest if no deacon) and the last prayer "Most merciful Master, Lord Jesus Christ..." is said by the chief celebrant (audibly) facing the west with everyone having heads bowed. The procession proceeds "into the temple" (nave) to the center where the table is prepared with the tray of loaves, wheat, wine and oil.

The choir sings the stichera of the Aposticha, and the stichos: ‘The Lord is King, He is robed in splendor." and, the other stichera, stichos ‘The Lord has clothed..." stichera, stichos "For He has established..." stichera, stichos, "Holiness belongs to Thy..." stichera, "Glory..." Theotokion from the Meneaon (if there be, if not) "Glory...both now...Amen " and the Theotokion from the Octoechos.

Note: The stichoi (verses) for the Aposticha on the eve of feast days may be found in the Meneaon, or the Triodion (Paschal or Lenten), and for the week-day Aposticha in the Horologion.

The choir (and the people) sing "Now dismiss Thy servant in peace..." read the Trisagion, etc... "Our Father..." "Amen " and, sing the dismissal Troparion of the Theotokos, Tone 4: "Hail Mary, full of grace. The Lord is with thee. O Virgin Theotokos, blessed are thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb; for thou has born the Saviour of our souls." (thrice).

The deacon takes the incenser, receives a blessing from the priest for the incensing, and incenses around the table on which lies the Litia tray (during the singing of the Troparion) three times, on the last time around, he also turns to incense the priest (s) and again the front of the table (the loaves). The deacon says: "Let us pray to the Lord."

The celebrant or the priest offers the prayer aloud: O Lord Jesus Christ our God, Who did bless the five loaves and did feed the five thousand, Thou the same Lord, bless these loaves (takes one of the loaves in his right hand and holds it up, and, at the word "loaves" points to the loaves on the tray), wheat (points to the wheat), wine (points to the wine — which is on the left), and oil (points to the oil — it is on the right); and multiply them in this city (or habitation or town or monastery), and in all Thy world. Sanctify all the faithful who shall partake of them. For it is Thou, O Christ our God, Who blesses and sanctifies all things; and, to Thee we send up glory, with Thy Father Who has no beginning, and Thine all-holy and good and life-creating Spirit, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages.

Choir: "Amen." "Blessed be the Name of the Lord from henceforth and forever" (thrice). Psalm 33 "I will bless the Lord at all times...(through verse 10) But those who seek the Lord shall not lack any good thing."

The chief celebrant stands in front of the Royal Doors facing the people, and, at the conclusion of the psalm, says: "The blessing of the Lord, through His grace and love of mankind, be upon you, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages/The reader proceeds to chant the Sixpsalms (Hexapsalmos) of Orthros, starting with "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, and good will among men." (twice), and, "Lord, open my lips, and my mouth shall show forth Thy praise." (one time)

Note: At Sunday Great Vespers, (on Saturday evening), the Litia (Litany) is usually not included in contemporary practise. The following should be noted: After the two ektenias, the Aposticha is sung through the Theotokion, "Now Dismiss..." Trisagion, etc., at the beginning of "Our Father" the Royal Doors are opened, then the "Hail Mary" is sung three times (unless Liturgical Directives indicate otherwise, such as substituting a feast day Troparion for "Hail Mary," or after singing "Hail Mary" twice, the third Troparion may be for a feast). Psalm 33 as indicated above.

If Orthros is not celebrated immediately after the Vespers, the following form of Dismissal is. Used:

Priest: "Wisdom." Choir: "Father, bless!" Priest: "Blessed is He Who Is, Christ our God, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." Choir: "Amen." "Make firm, O God, the Holy Orthodox Faith and the Orthodox Christians, unto ages of ages." Priest: "Save us, O Most Holy Theotokos." Choir: "More honorable than the Cherubim, and more glorious beyond compare than the Seraphim, who without corruption gave birth to God the Word, and are truly Theotokos, we magnify thee." Priest: "Glory to Thee, Christ God, our hope, glory to Thee."

Choir: "Glory...both now...Amen. Lord, have mercy, (thrice) Father, bless."

The priest turns to the west (faces toward the people) and pronounces the Dismissal: "May He Who rose from the dead, Christ our true God, through the prayers of His Immaculate Mother; of the holy, glorious and all-laudable apostles; of the ... (saint to whom the temple is dedicated, and the saints for the day); of the holy and righteous Ancestors of God, Joachim and Anna; and of all the saints: have mercy on us and save us, for He is good and loves mankind."

The Choir sings the Polychronion. There is no directive for the priest to make the Dismissal with the hand Cross, hence, he blesses the people with his hand (Bulgakov, p. 788). If a bishop is present, the priest merely bows to the people rather than blesses them with his hand. The Royal Doors are closed, the curtain is closed, and the priest and deacon kiss the Holy Altar and proceed to the Vestry to. unvest.

If Orthros is celebrated apart from Vespers, the priest vests as for Great Vespers (including the phelonion), opens the curtain (which remains open during the entire service, the Royal Doors remain closed), makes a prostration or metania before the Holy Altar, receives the incenser, and intones: "Blessed is our God, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." The priest then incenses around the Holy Altar on four sides, the Prothesis, the entire Sanctuary, exits through the North Door and incenses the Iconostasis, the people, and all else according to the rite of complete incensing.

The reader begins with the full beginning which is: "Amen. Glory to Thee, our God, glory to Thee. O Heavenly King...Holy God...All Holy Trinity...Our Father..." (Unless another divine service preceded, such as the Ninth Hour, then with the presiding priest’s blessing, the beginning may start with "Holy God..." or even "Come, let us worship..." — see divine services directives for specific instruction).

After the reader completes Psalms 19 and 20, he says "Glory...both now... Amen.," the Trisagion and "Our Father," "Amen." The Troparion: "Lord, save Thy people, and bless Thine inheritance; granting victory over adversaries, and by Thy Cross preserving Thine Estate." "Glory..." "Thou, Who of Thine own will was lifted up upon the Cross, O Christ our God, bestow Thy bounties upon the new nation which is called by Thy Name; make glad Thy people by Thy might, granting to them peace, the victory invincible." "Both now...Amen." "0 Protection awesome and unashamed, despise not our prayers O Good and All-laudable Theotokos, make firm the Orthodox, for thou gave birth to God, and alone are blessed."

The priest ("Abridged Fervent Ektenia"): "Have mercy upon us, O God, according to Thy great mercy, we beseech Thee: hearken and have mercy/’ The response: "Lord, have mercy." (thrice) "Again we pray for our great lord and father, the Most holy Patriarch...(or: ...for our lord and father, (His Beatitude the Most Blessed Metropolitan...), and for our Most Reverend Bishop... (or Archbishop, etc.), and for all our brethren in Christ." Response: the triple "Lord, have mercy." "Again we pray for our divinely protected country, the authorities and armed forces, and that we may pass all our life in peace, godliness and sanctity." Response: the triple "Lord, have mercy." "Again we pray for all brethren, and for all Christians." Response: the triple "Lord, have mercy." The Ecphony: "For Thou art a merciful God, and loves mankind, and to Thee we send up glory: to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit: now and ever, and unto ages of ages." Choir: "Amen. In the Name of the Lord, Father, bless." (If a bishop is present we say: "In... Master, bless").

The priest, having raised the incenser and making the sign of the Cross with it, intones: "Glory to the Holy, Consubstantial, Life-creating and Undivided Trinity, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages."

Choir: "Amen."

The reader must come to the center of the temple to read (by intoning) the Hexapsalmos (Sixpsalms). Reader: "Glory to God in the highest..." and "Lord, open my lips..."

The Typicon also prescribes that some candles be put out — actually some of the lighting — in order to retain and enhance the penitential character of the psalms and the prayerful mood of the faithful.

Note: If Orthros is part of the Allnight Vigil aggregate and not celebrated separately, the reader, or non-celebrating cleric, comes out to the center of the temple and reads the Hexapsalmos immediately following the priest’s blessing near the conclusion of Vespers (see above). The full beginning and the Psalms 19 and 20, etc., are not read.

After the first three psalms have been read, the priest comes forth to stand in front of the closed Royal Doors (curtain is open), without head covering, and quietly recites the "Morning Prayers" (all twelve prayers, see Orthros in the Liturgicon). If there is no deacon assisting, the priest remains at the Royal Doors for the Great Ektenia, otherwise he goes back into the Sanctuary and the deacon intones the ektenia at the Royal Doors. After the Ecphony, the priest, if he intoned the ektenia, goes into the Sanctuary provided there is a canonarch who will intone the "God is the Lord.. (Theos Kyrios)." Otherwise, the priest remains on the Soleas until he has intoned "God is the Lord..." He normally announces: "Tone.. (ex: Tone One, God is the Lord ...; in a loud voice) "God is the Lord, and has appeared unto us, blessed is He who comes in the Name of the Lord." Singers repeat "God is the Lord..." in the Tone of the Troparion. It is sung a total of four times by the singers. Stichos 1: "Give thanks unto the Lord, for He is good, for His mercy endures forever." Singers "God is the Lord....." Stichos 2: "All nations compassed me about, and in the name of the Lord I have driven them out." Singers "God is the Lord....." Stichos 3: "I will not die but live, and declare the works of the Lord." Singers "God is the Lord....." Stichos 4: "The stone which the builders rejected, the same is become the head of the corner. This is the Lord’s doing, and it is wondrous in our eyes." The singers sing the Resurrectional Troparion twice, "Glory..." the Troparion of the saint of the day, if there be one; "Both now...Amen.," then the Theotokion in the Tone of the Saint’s Troparion, if there be one; otherwise, "Glory...both now...Amen.," the Theotokion of the given (Sunday) Tone. Singers: "Lord, have mercy" (thrice), "Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit." The reader: "Both now...Amen," and the Kathismata of the psalter: "I will give praise to Thee, O Lord, with my whole heart..." (see the order for reading the Kathismata). The Little Ektenia is said in front of the Royal Doors.

Note: If "Alleluia" is sung in place of "God is the Lord," the "Alleluia" is also sung four times, but if the service is for the dead, only three times. "Alleluia" is sung on the days of the commemoration of the departed and on the following days of the Triodion: (1) Cheesefast Wednesday and Friday, if there is no coincidence of a Proheortion (Prefeast), feast or Apodosis of the Meeting of the Lord or the Temple feast; (2) Monday through Friday of the first week of the Great Tessaracost; (3) These same days in the second through the sixth weeks of the Great Tessaracost if Annunciation does not concur or a saint with Allnight Vigil or Polyeleos; (4) these same days of the Great Holy Week if Annunciation does not concur. During the Tessaracost the verses are: (a) "My soul has desired Thee in the night, O God, and with my spirit within me in the morning early I will watch to Thee" (Alleluia — thrice); (b) "The inhabitants of the earth shall learn justice." (Alleluia — thrice); (c) "Let the envious people see and be confounded." (Alleluia — thrice. This is the fourth time it is sung, since the first singing of it followed the priest’s intoning of "Alleluia..."); (d) "Bring down, O Lord, bring down the exalted of the earth." The singers sing the troparia. If the "Alleluia" is for the dead, the verses are: (a) "Blessed are those whom Thou hast chosen and taken, O Lord." (b) "Their memorial is from generation to generation." (c) "Their souls shall dwell in good things." (Ps. 24:13).

Troparia (all are sung in Tone 2): "0 Apostles, martyrs, and prophets, hierarchs, venerables, and righteous, having accomplished your work well, and preserved the faith, and, in having assurance with the Saviour, we pray you intercede Him Who is good, for the salvation of our souls." (Twice); "Glory..." "Remember, O Lord, Thy servants, for Thou are good, and forgive them their sins which they have committed in life: for no one is without sin only Thou, and Thou are able to grant rest to the departed." (Once); "Both now...Amen (Theotokion) "Holy Mother of the Ineffable Light, we honor thee angelically, and piously magnify thee." Then follows Kathismata 16, etc.

The Kathisma stichera (sedalen) are chanted after each Kathismata, according to the directive for the day. These are taken from the Octoechos, Menaeon or the Triodion. There are Little Ektenias after the two Kathismata, while after the third (17th, if for a given Sunday three are indicated) there is no ektenia, rather, it is said after the Eulogetaria ("Blessed are Thou, O Lord..." "The Angelic council..."). These also are called the Amomos (Neporotfny, Immaculati) or "Blameless" (see next paragraph).

The Eulogetaria (the 17th Kathismata) are sung at the Sunday Orthros: (a) from the Sunday of the Myrophores (Myrrhbearers) to Pentecost; (b) from the Sunday of All Saints to 22 September, (c) from 20 December to 14 January; (d) on the Sunday of the Publican and Pharisee; (e) on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th Sundays of Tessaracost. On all of the remaining Sundays, and also on feast days, the Polyeleos is sung. However, if there is a coincidence of the Sunday with a Feast of the Lord, or of the Theotokos, or of a saint with the Allnight Vigil or Polyeleos, then the Eulogetaria (i.e., the selected verses of Psalm 118, "Blessed are the undefiled in the way: who walk in the law of the Lord."), are not sung, only the Polyeleos, followed by the Troparia (of the Eulogetaria) "Blessed art Thou, O Lord, teach me Thy statutes. The Angelic council..." etc., are sung.

"The Angelic Council..." and the Troparia which follow, are sung on the Sundays of the entire year (except Thomas Sunday) if on those Sundays there is not a coincidence of Despotic (Lord’s) feast (hence, they are not sung on Pascha, Pentecost and Palm Sunday). When a Theometoric feast (of the Theotokos) or of a saint coincide with a Sunday they are sung immediately following the Megalynarion (Magnification -Velicanie). They are sung also on the Sunday of the Prodigal Son, Meatfast and Cheesefast Sundays after Psalm 137: "By the waters of Babylon..." Besides Sundays, they are sung only at Orthros of Lazarus Saturday.

Note: Apparently at one time there must have been a custom to take up an offering during the singing of the Polyeleos, the Eulogetaria, or sometime before, during, or after the Gospel reading, for Bulgakov (p. 780) categorically states (based, on a Holy Synod decision of 1890) that no plate offering is permitted during these moments in Orthros. Actually, there is not any "offertory" moment during Orthros, hence, we suggest that parish council members hold offering plates at the vestibule doors at the conclusion of the service — if needed.

The Polyeleos is taken from Psalms 134 and 135 "Praise the name of the Lord. Alleluia. You His servants, praise the Lord. Alleluia. Blessed be the Lord out of Zion who dwells in Jerusalem. Alleluia..." Liturgical directives indicate when the Polyeleos should be sung. During the singing of the Polyeleos the Royal Doors are opened. Then the complete incensing of the temple takes place. Also "many lights" (candles, etc.) are to be lighted for the singing of the Polyeleos, but normally under modern conditions more lights are turned on during the Litia (Litany) and remain on for this portion of the service. If they had been dimmed after the conclusion of the Litia then it is proper to relight the lights again to indicate the festive atmosphere.

If there is a coincidence of a feast for which a Megalynarion (Velicanie or Magnification) is indicated, it follows the Polyeleos. The priest (together with all other clergy, the priests, deacons, servers, also) sing the first Megalynarion before the Festal Icon in the center of the temple, (there ought not to be lengthy pauses for the purpose of passing out candles to those concelebrating and the people as this should be done in anticipation at the start of the Polyeleos) and the presiding celebrant preceded by the deacon with a candle incense around the analogion, while the singers chant the stichoi and sing the Megalynarion for the second time. The choir sings "Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia, glory to Thee, O God./’ twice, while the third time "Alleluia..." is sung by the clergy. This is followed by the Megalynarion, which is sung for the last (third) time by the clergy.

The Little Ektenia follows and the Ecphony: "For blessed is Thy Name, and glorified is Thy Kingdom, of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." Singers: "Amen."

Then is sung the Hypakoe in the Resufrectional (Sunday) Tone (or for the Feast), and the reading. The Anabathmoi (Antiphons of Ascents — Stepenny) are sung from the Octoechos in the Sunday Tone. If there is the coincidence of Sunday with a Despotic (Lord’s) Feast Day, the Antiphon in Tone 4 is sung: "From my youth." On weekdays, if the Polyeleos is called for, only the Antiphon in Tone 4 is sung. "From my youth..." is sung on Palm Sunday, St. Thomas Sunday, Pentecost, and, at the Elevation of the Holy Cross, Nativity of Christ, Theophany, Transfiguration, if these coincide with the Sunday.

(Before the Gospel)

The deacon or the priest intone the Prokoemenon: "Attend! Wisdom! the Prokoemenon in Tone..." and the stichos (In the Tone of the Sunday, if, however, there is the coincidence of any of the Duodenary (Dodecary) Feasts, the Prokoemenon is in Tone four, generally in the Tone in which are sung the Anabathmoi). The singers repeat the Prokoemenon. The deacon or priest intone the stichos and the singers repeat the Prokoemenon. The third time the Prokoemenon is said to its half way point and the singers conclude it. The Prokoemenon is said either at the Altar or on the Ambon (if a deacon intones it, at the foot of or upon the Ambon depending where the Gospel is to be read, whether on the Altar or in the center of the temple).

The deacon says: "Let us pray to the Lord." The priest: "For holy art Thou, our God, Who rests in the saints, and unto Thee we send up glory, to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit..." Choir or singers: "Amen." Deacon (or priest or the canonarch): "Let everything that has breath praise the Lord."

The singers repeat this stichos. The deacon: "Praise God in His holy places, praise Him in the firmament of His power." The singers repeat the first stichos. The deacon: "Let everything that has breath..." and the singers: "praise the Lord." The deacon (or priest): "And make us worthy to hear the holy Gospel let us pray to the Lord God." Singers: "Lord, have mercy." (Thrice) Deacon: "Wisdom. Attend! Let us hear the Holy Gospel." Priest: "Peace be to all." Singers and people: "And to thy spirit." Priest: "The reading is from the holy Gospel according to..." Singers: "Glory to Thee, O Lord, glory to Thee."

On Sundays the Gospel is read at the Altar, at feast days when the icon is to be venerated, the Gospel is read at the icon in the center of the temple, and after it is read, it is carried back to the Altar.

After the Gospel reading is concluded, the singers respond again with "Glory to Thee..." and, "Having beheld the Resurrection of Christ..." followed by Psalm 50. The priest brings out the Holy Gospel to the center of the temple, carrying it on his chest rather than up above his head, and places It upon the analogion for veneration by the Faithful. At the conclusion of the veneration, the Gospel is carried back to the Holy Altar through the opened Royal Doors (Note: When the Litia (Litany) is included in the Allnight Vigil, the anointing with the oil and the distribution of the loaves of the Artoclasia take place at the time of the veneration of the Holy Gospel and/or the Feastday icon).

The veneration of the Gospel begins by the presiding celebrant making two metania, kissing the Gospel, and again making another metania. All who come forward to venerate the Holy Gospel do likewise, and then bow to the presiding celebrant who stands on the left side of the analogion (as one looks toward the Altar) and faces the Faithful. The Gospel is carried as in procession when returned to the Holy Altar, and the presiding celebrant turns, usually on the Soleas, and blesses the people with the Gospel.

After Psalm 50, "Glory..." "Through the intercessions of the Apostles..." Both now...Amen." "Through the intercessions of the Theotokos... ;" "Have mercy on me, O God... ;" "Jesus rose from the dead..." (this is the Sunday sticheron; See directives for changes in the preceding, as for Christmas, Theophany, etc.).

The Great Intercession is intoned by the deacon (or priest): "O God, save Thy people, and bless Thine inheritance..." Singers: "Lord, have mercy" (12 times). The Ecphony: "Through the mercies and compassion and love for mankind of Thine Onlybegotten Son, with Whom Thou art blessed, together with Thine All-holy and Good and Life-creating Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." "Amen."

When the Gospel is not carried out to the center of the temple for veneration, the Intercession "O God save..." is said at the Altar, i.e., by the priest unless the deacon assists, in which case the deacon says it in front of the icon of the Saviour on the Soleas — the priest remains at the Altar.

After the Ecphony "Through the mercies..." the Hiermos of the first Ode of the Kanon in the Tone (of the Sunday) is sung. The Troparia which follow are usually read. It is not improper for the priest — the presiding celebrant — to come to the front right choir, the "cleros," and to read the troparia himself. Before the reading or chanting of each Troparion a refrain stichos is said: "Glory to Thy holy Resurrection, O Lord." Other refrains for the troparia are listed in the Heirmologion.

After the troparia of Ode Three, the Katabasia is sung. A Katabasia is actually an Heirmos of another Kanon. There are two structured forms of the use of Katabasiai:

• Katabasiai are sung after the third, sixth, eighth and ninth Odes of the Kanon, or,
• they are sung after each Ode of the Kanon. The first category of Katabasiai, (1), are sung at non-festal weekday Orthros and on days of Prefeasts (Proheortia) and Afterfeasts (Metheortja). These Katabasiai are taken from the Kanons of the Octoechos and are sung on the Saturdays beginning with the Sunday of All Saints and continuing to Cheesefast week. They are taken from the Menaeon for the other weekdays during the same period. Should there be a coincidence of two saints, the Katabasiai are comprised of Heirmoi taken from the Kanon of the second saint. During the period of the use of the (Lenten) Triodion (Tessaracost cycle) the Katabasiai are comprised of Heirmoi of the Kanons found in the Menaeon and the Triodion. Sometimes it happens that after the third Ode of the Kanon, the Katabasia is from the Menaeon, while the balance of the Katabasiai are from the Triodion.

The second category of the Katabasiai (sometimes known as "according to the Typicon," "sequential," etc.) is prescribed for all Feasts of the Lord and the Theotokos (Despotic and Theometoric), and for all feasts for which the Allnight Vigil or the Polyeleos is appointed, Orthros with the Great Doxology during the entire year; and, also for the Saturday of Meatfast and the Saturday before Pentecost.

During the year a variety of Katabasiai are sung. However, the common or general Katabasiai for all small and middle feasts are the Heirmoi of the Theotokos Kanon: "I will open my mouth..." These are replaced by Heirmoi of the particular Duodenary (Dodecary) Festal Kanon during the days of the Proheortia and Metheortia of the Duodenary Feast. Before the Holy Elevation of the Cross, its Katabasiai begin to be sung on August 1. Before the Nativity of Christ its Katabasiai begin on November 21; and, for all the other feasts, they begin and end according to the time regularly set by the Typicon. During the period of the usage of the Triodion the Katabasiai "I will open my mouth..." is sung on the Sunday of the Pharisee and Publican, and on the 2nd, 4th and 5th Sundays of Holy Tessaracost, as well as on the weekdays of Tessaracost if a feast coincides. The Katabasiai from the Triodion are used for the Sunday of the Prodigal Son, the Sundays of Meetfast and Cheesefast, the 1st, 3rd, 6th and 7th weeks of Tessaracost. If the Sunday of the Publican and Pharisee should occur between January 15 and the Apodosis of the Meeting of the Lord, the Katabasiai for these weeks are "The sun once shone with its rays upon dry land..." (Heirmoi of the Festal Kanon). For the weeks after the Apodosis of the feast, the liturgical directives are to be followed as the Katabasiai may vary. On Thursday of the Cross-veneration week the Katabasiai are in Tone 7 "Thy coming in the flesh, O Christ..." rather than the Paschal Heirmoi.

The Little Ektenia is said after the Katabasiai following the third Ode. Its Ecphony is: "For Thou art our God, and unto Thee we send up glory, to the Father..." The Kontakion and the Kathisma (sedalen) of the saint of the Menaeon are read or chanted. The deacon intones these ektenias on the Soleas in front of the closed Royal Doors. The priest may be at the Altar and thus say the Ecphony within the Bema (Sanctuary) or if he is on the "cleros" he may walk over and say it at the Royal Doors, or if he is at the analogion (while the veneration of the Gospel and/or the icon is taking place) he may say the Ecphony there.

After the 6th Ode, the Little Ektenia, and the Ecphony: "For Thou art the King of peace, and the Saviour of our souls, and unto Thee we send up glory..." the Kontakion and the Oikos are sung.

At the 8th Ode of the Kanon, the deacon receives the blessing from the priest for the incensing of the Sanctuary (Bema) and, emerging to the Soleas by the North Door, the right side of the Iconostasis. He then stands before the icon of the Theotokos (which is in the Iconostasis) awaiting the conclusion of the Katabasia of the 8th Ode (Before the Katabasiai the singers chant "We praise, bless and worship the Lord, extolling and exalting Him unto all ages.") The deacon (or priest) raises the incenser and intones: "The Theotokos and Mother of Light, let us magnify in song." He then incenses the icon thrice, the left side of the Iconostasis, the people and the icons in the remainder of the temple. The singers sing: "My soul magnifies the Lord, and my spirit rejoices in God my Saviour." "More honorable than the Cherubim, and more glorious beyond compare then the Seraphim, Who without corruption gave birth to God the Word, and are truly Theotokos: we magnify thee." "Because He has regarded the humility of His handmaid; for behold from henceforth all generations shall call me blessed." "More honorable..." "Because He that is mighty has done great things to me: and holy is His Name. And His mercy is from generation unto generations, to them that fear Him." "More honorable..." "He has shown might in His arm: He has scattered the proud in the conceit of their heart." "More honorable..." "He has put down the mighty from their seat and has exalted the humble: He has filled the hungry with good things, and the rich he has sent empty away." "More honorable..." "He has received Israel His servant, being mindful of His mercy, as He spoke to our fathers: to Abraham and to his seed for ever." "More honorable..." After each stichos there is an abbreviated metania.

(The Praises)

After the 9th Ode comes the Little Ektenia, and the Ecphony: "For all the powers of heaven praise Thee, and unto Thee we..." The priest stands at the Altar. The deacon (or priest): "Holy is the Lord our God." This is repeated by the singers in the sequential Tone (Tone of the Sunday). Then stichos: "For holy is our God." The singers repeat "Holy is the Lord our God." The second stichos: "Above all people is our God." The singers repeat "Holy is the Lord our God." They proceed to sing the Exapostoelarion (Svetilen) of the Sunday; "Glory..." for the saint if there be; "Both now..." and, the Sunday Theotokion.

Now follow the Ainoi (Xvalite, Praises) "Let everything that has breath praise the Lord..." in the sequential (current) Tone. Eight stichoi and eight stichera of the Ainoi are appointed. The Octoechos lists four stichera (and stichoi) called "Resurrectional" (Voskresny — Sunday) and four stichera called Anatolian with their stichoi. The first stichos (in the Horologion it is listed as the start for the reading or singing of six stichera) is "To execute upon them the judgement that is written; this glory is to all His saints." This stichos is used as the beginning for the eight stichera. The following two stichoi are added (in order to make a total of 8): "Arise, O Lord my God, let Thy hand be exalted, forget not the poor unto the end." And, "‘I will give praise to Thee, O Lord, with my whole heart, I will relate Thy wonders." If it be Sunday, "Glory..." is followed by the sequential Orthros Gospel sticheron which is called the Heothinon. "Both now..." is followed by the Theotokion, "Most blessed are thou, O Virgin Theotokos..." in Tone 2. In the Slavic collection of music, the Russian, Bulgarian and Serbian Churches, "Most blessed are thou..."is given in all of the eight Tones. According to the "Directives for the celebration of the Allnight Vigil" (Moscow: Church Kalendar, 1949, pp. 66-69), this Theotokion should be sung in the sequential Tone.

The sung Doxology is called "Great Doxology." For non-festal days the Doxology is read, and concludes with the words, "To Thee belongs praise, to Thee belongs song, to Thee belongs glory, to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, now, and ever, and unto ages of ages." The prayer in the Doxology "Vouchsafe, O Lord..." is found at the end, while in the Great Doxology it is in the middle. Also, in the Great Doxology (which is sung), in "Vouchsafe..." "Blessed art Thou, O Lord, teach me Thy statutes" is sung three times. In the Doxology (which is read) it is as follows: "Blessed art Thou, O Lord, teach me Thy statutes. Blessed art Thou, O Master, make me to understand Thy statutes. Blessed art Thou, 0 Holy One, enlighten me with Thy statutes." The Great Doxology concludes with the singing of the Angelic Hymn: "Holy God, Holy Mighty, Holy Immortal, have mercy on us."

At the singing of "Both now..." the Royal Doors are opened. The priest stands in front of the Holy Altar and the deacon to his right. After "Most Blessed..." the priest says in a loud voice (with his hands raised up — a custom among many priests, although nowhere in the Typicon does such instruction exist), "Glory to Thee, who has shown us the light!" The singers sing the Great Doxology in the center of the temple (Nikolsky, p. 331).

During the days of Tessaracost when Polyeleos is sung at Orthros, but not the Great Doxology, "the deacon, after Polyeleos, unvests, and the priest alone concludes the Lenten Orthros. If Polyeleos is sung during the days of Tessaracost, or on Saturdays, and the Great Doxology is sung, then the deacon does not unvest but continues to assist at Orthros until its conclusion. He stands in the customary place at the Altar during the Doxology and chants the last ektenias according to custom" (Nikolsky, p. 331), on the Soleas.

The Great Doxology is followed immediately by one of the Ressurectional Troparia. There are two, one of which is sung when the sequential Tones are 1, 3, $,7; "Today is salvation come unto the world..." and the other when the Tones are 2, 4, 6, 8: "Having risen from the tomb..."

At certain feasts the Troparion of the feast is sung following the Doxology — hence, a "dismissal hymn" (Apolytikion). At the Sunday Orthros, even if there be a coincidence of a saint’s feast having the Allnight Vigil, or the feast of the Temple Saint, the Resurrectional Troparion is sung. Also, if a Prefeast or Afterfeast, an Apodosis of a feast, or a Theometoric Duodenary feast coincide with Sunday, the Resurrectional Troparion is sung. For a Despotic feast, the Troparion of the feast is sung. On the Holy Cross Sunday in Tessaracost and on the Feast of the Elevation of the Cross (Sept. 14) the Troparion is sung three times (Tone 1): "O Lord, save Thy people, and bless Thine inheritance; granting victory over adversaries, and by Thy Cross preserving Thine Estate."

When on the weekdays there is a Despotic or a Theometoric feast, or the Apodosis of a feast, after the Doxology the Troparion for the feast is sung (one time). For feasts of saints, after the Great Doxology, first is sung the Troparion for the saint, then, "Glory...both now...Amen" and, the Resurrectional Theotokion (The Resurrectional Theotokion, as an Apolytikion, is part of the Resurrectional (Sunday) Eight Tone Troparia. These are found in the Monthly Menaeon, the Annotated Psalter, Typicon and Horologion). For Tone 1 the Resurrectional Theotokion is:

On weekdays, except Saturdays, the Theotokion is sung in the Tone of the Troparion for the saint. If two saints are commemorated on the same day, and each has a Troparion, then both troparia are sung after the Great Doxology, and the Theotokion is sung in the Tone of the second Troparion, i.e., in the Tone of the Troparion sung after "Glory." On Saturdays the Theotokion is sung in the sequential (current) Tone, i.e., in the Octoechos Tone of the week. If there be a feast on Saturday, then the Theotokion is sung in the Tone of the festal Troparion.

On days of Prefeast and Afterfeast, after the Troparion for the saint, the Troparion for Prefeast or for Afterfeast is sung after "Glory...both now...Amen."

(When Doxology is Sung)

The Great Doxology is prescribed to be sung on the festal days of the year: (1) On all Sundays (2) On weekdays if there be a feast with the Allnight Vigil, Polyeleos, Great Doxology, and if these feasts occur between St. Thomas Sunday and Cheesefast, i.e., not during the Great Tessaracost (3) On the Apodosis of the feast (4) From Cheese week to St. Thomas Sunday during the following weekdays: (a) Cheese Saturday, Saturday of the fifth week in Tessaracost, Lazarus Saturday, and Holy Great Saturday; (b) On Monday, Tuesday and Thursday of Cheese week if there be a coincidence of the Feast of The Meeting of Our Lord (February 2) or Feast of the Temple.

The Great Doxology is not sung on Monday, Tuesday and Thursday of Cheese week if there be a coincidence of a saint’s feast having the Allnight Vigil, Polyeleos (e.g., January 30, February 24). It is not sung if the Apodosis of The Meeting of Our Lord falls on Tuesday or Thursday of Cheese week. The Great Doxology is not sung on Wednesday and Friday of Cheese week, on Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Fridays of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and Passion Weeks of Holy Tessaracost, regardless of the festal occurrence. Great Doxology is not sung on the Feast of Feasts, Holy Pascha, and the entire Paschal Week as also the 50th Psalm is not read.

The deacon comes out of the Sanctuary (Bema) through the North Door to the (even though the Royal Doors remain open following the Doxology) where he stand in his usual place and intones the Fervent Supplication Ektenia. Its Ecphony (by the priest): "For Thou art a merciful God and loves mankind, and unto Thee we send up glory, to the Father..." Then the deacon intones the Ektenia of Askings for which the Ecphony is: "For Thou art the God of mercies and of bounties and of love for mankind, and unto Thee we send up glory, to the Father..." Then the priest turns toward the people and blesses: "Peace be to all!" The response: "And to thy spirit." Deacon (or priest): "Let us bow our heads unto the Lord." The responses: "To Thee, O Lord." During this moment the priest prays the silent prayer, at its conclusion, the Ecphony: "For Thine it is to show mercy and to save us, O our God, and unto Thee we send up glory to the Father..." "Amen."

The deacon says: "Wisdom!" and goes into the Bema (Sanctuary; if there is no deacon the priest says "Wisdom!") The singers: "Father, bless!" (Note: If a bishop is present, or in a cathedral, "Master, bless!") Priest: "Blessed is He Who is, Christ our God, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." Singers: "Amen." "Make firm, O God, the Holy Orthodox Faith and Orthodox Christians, unto ages of ages." Priest: "Save us, O Most Holy Theotokos!" Singers: "More honorable than the Cherubim..." Priest: "Glory to Thee, Christ God, our hope, glory to Thee." Singers: "Glory...both now...Amen. Lord, have mercy (thrice). Father bless." (or "Master, bless.") The priest pronounces the Dismissal. The Royal Doors and the Curtain are closed. No Amen is to be said or sung after the priest’s Dismissal at any time. The Polychronion is sung. The priest blesses the people with his hand. The hand Cross is not used, nor is there a kissing of the Cross.

The reader immediately proceeds to chant "Come, let us worship..." the Psalms 5, 89, 100 of the First Hour, "Glory...both now...Amen. Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia, glory to Thee, O God (thrice). Lord, have mercy (thrice). Glory... :" The Troparion of the day, "Both* now...Amen." (First Hour Theotokion): "What name shall we give thee..." "Holy God...All-holy Trinity...Our Father..." The priest: "For Thine is the Kingdom..." "Amen." The Kontakion of the day. "Lord, have mercy" (40 times). "Thou, Who at all times and at every hour..." "Lord, have mercy" (thrice). "Glory...both now...Amen. More honorable than the Cherubim... In the Name of the Lord, Father bless!" (If a bishop is present, or in a cathedral, "Master, bless!")

The priest comes out to the Soleas before the Royal Doors, vested only in his epitrachelion; the Royal Doors and the Curtain remain closed. He says: "God be bountiful to us and bless us, and show us the light of Thy countenance, and have mercy on us." And this prayer: "Christ, the True Light, Who enlightens and sanctifies every man that comes into the world. May the light of Thy countenance shine upon us, that in it we may see the ineffable light. Correct our ways in the doing of Thy commandments, through the intercessions of Thine Immaculate Mother and of all Thy saints. Amen." The singers: (Tone 8) "We thy servants, O Theotokos, having been delivered from evils, offer unto thee songs of triumph and thanksgiving: 0 victorious leader of triumphant hosts. As thou hast might invincible, set us free from every calamity, that we may cry out to thee: Hail, O Bride without bridegroom." Then the priest says: "Glory to Thee, Christ God, our hope, glory to Thee." The singers: "Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, both now, and ever, and unto ages of ages. Amen. Lord, have mercy (thrice). Father, bless." (or "Master, bless.") The priest pronounces the Lesser Dismissal, facing the people, after which he bows to them, and returns to the Sanctuary.

Note: At the end of Orthros at which the Daily Doxology is read, there is no Dismissal. Immediately following "Make firm, O God, the Holy Orthodox Faith..." the First Hour is said. The Complete or Major Dismissal is made at the conclusion of the First Hour.

This Orthros is celebrated on the days which do not have prescribed a feast with the Polyeleos or with the Great Doxology. Directions for this service may be found in the Liturgicon, in the Typicon chapter 9, and in the Horologion.

The beginning of Daily Orthros follows the same pattern as Orthros. The first change occurs in the Kathismata. After each Kathismata there is the Kathisma (sedalen) to be used from the Octoechos, the (Lenten) Triodion or the Pentecostarion (‘Paschal’ Triodion), and during Prefeast (Proheortia) and Postfeast (Metheortia) from the Menaeon.

The Little Ektenia, and, after the Ecphony, immediately Psalm 50. The ektenia during the Daily Orthros may not be prescribed, as it will depend upon the feast coinciding with the weekday. Example: If on a Sunday (Saturday evening) there are prescribed three Kathismata, after each of the first two Kathismata there is an ektenia. There is none prescribed after the third Kathismata, but it is chanted after "Blessed art Thou..." There is no ektenia when the Kathisma (sedalen) is prescribed following each of the Kathismata as indicated in the above paragraph. On Saturdays or Sundays, during the Prefeast and Afterfeast, during feasts with the Allnight Vigil, feasts with the Polyeleos and the Great Doxology, and during the days using the Pentecostarion, an ektenia is said after each of the two Kathismata; but if the above feasts coincide with a weekday in Tessaracost, the ektenia is said only after the third Kathismata — none is said after each of the first two Kathismata.

"O God, save Thy people, and bless Thine inheritance..." is not said during the Daily Orthros except during Tessaracost when it is said by the priest (rather than by a deacon). The exceptions are Saturdays and the Thursday Orthros of the Great Canon (St. Andrew of Crete) when it is not said. It should be noted that this "Intercession" is said at the Altar (p. 304 of Nikolsky) when the Gospel is not brought out to the center of the temple for veneration. The deacon, however, goes to the Soleas and normally faces the icon of the Saviour in the Iconostasis, or stands in the center (the Ambon), and chants the ‘‘Intercession/’ "Lord, have mercy" is sung twelve times after this Intercession. The Ecphony is, "Through the mercies and compassion..." In parochial practise the "Stichoi—chanting" which is found in the Psalter is normally omitted and the Kanon is sung immediately. Little Ektenia after the third Ode, and the Ecphony is: "For Thou art our God..." The Kontakion or the Kathisma (sedalen) is sung or read. After the sixth Ode the Little Ektenia, and the Ecphony is: "For Thou art the King of the world..." The Kontakion and the Oikos are sung or read. After the eighth Ode, "The Theotokos and Mother of Light..." "My soul magnifies..." and "More honorable than the Cherubim..."

After the ninth Ode, "It is truly meet to bless thee, O Theotokos..." Little Ektenia, Ecphony, "For ail the powers of heaven..." the Exapostelarion, and the stichera (if directive for the day so indicates). At the Orthros when the Doxology is read, the psalms of Praises (148-150) are done in this manner: The first choir sings the first half of the verse, "Praise the Lord from the heavens," and the refrain, "To Thee, O God, is due our song." Then, the first choir again sings the entire verse, "Praise the Lord from the heavens, praise Him in the heights." And, follows this with the refrain, "To Thee, O God, is due our song." Following the "Praises" the stichera are sung or read as indicated. The reader will read "Glory...both now...Amen." He will also read the stichera, and, "To Thee belongs glory, O Lord our God, and to Thee we send up glory. Glory to Thee Who has shown us the Light." The reader recites the Daily Doxology. If no stichera are given, the reader, after the Exapostelarion, says, "To Thee belongs glory..." and reads the Doxology.

The Ektenia, "Let us complete our morning prayer unto the Lord." The Ecphony, "For Thou art a merciful God..." "Peace be to all!" "And to thy spirit." "Let us bow our heads unto the Lord" (the priest says this). "To Thee, O Lord." "For Thine it is to show mercy..."

The stichera of the Aposticha are read or sung. These are found in the Octoechos. Then, "It is good to confess to the Lord, and to offer psalms to Thy Name, 0 Most High; to proclaim Thy mercy in the morning, and Thy truth every night." Then is read the Trisagion, etc, through "Our Father." The Troparion for the feast or for the saint, "Glory...both..." the Theotokion (normally called the "Dismissal troparia").

In Holy Tessaracost, in place of the Troparion and Kontakion: "Standing in the temple of Thy glory, we contemplate the standing in heaven; O Theotokos, the door of heaven, open to us the door of thy mercy/’ "Lord, have mercy." (40 times) "Glory...both now...Amen." "More honorable than the Cherubim..." "In the Name of the Lord, Father, bless." Priest: "Blessed is He Who is, Christ our God, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." The singers or readers, "O Heavenly King, make firm the faith, guide the nations, give peace to the world, and preserve this holy church. Grant repose to our departed fathers and brethren in the dwelling place of the righteous. Receive us in repentance and confession. For Thou art good and loves mankind." Priest: "O Lord and Master of my life..." (Prayer of St. Ephrem and prostrations, three or sixteen).

On all days other than in Holy Tessaracost, after the "Dismissal troparia" the ektenia is said, "Have mercy on us O God..." the Ecphony, "For Thou art a merciful God Who loves mankind..." "Amen." Priest: "Wisdom!" "Father, bless." "Blessed is He Who is..." "Amen. Make firm, O God, the Holy Orthodox Faith and the Orthodox Christians, unto ages of ages." There is no Dismissal, but immediately the First Hour is read.

Note: The directive on the Dismissal troparia is as follows: During the weekdays, except Wednesdays and Fridays, if there is no Prefeast or Postfeast, the Troparion of the saint for the day is sung, one time, it is taken from the Monthly Menaeon. Should there be two saints, and there be a Troparion for each saint in the Menaeon, the Troparion of the first saint is sung, "Glory..." and the Troparion of the second saint. If in the Monthly Menaeon there is no Troparion for a saint, the Troparion is taken from the General Menaeon, according to the rank of the saint (can use the "general" or "common" Troparion).

After the Troparion, "Glory...both now...Amen," or, if there are two troparia, after "Both now..." on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Thursdays, the Theotokion is sung, on Wednesdays and Fridays the Staurotheotokion is sung, according to the Tone of the Troparion of the saint. The Theotokion for the Saturday is found at the end of the Orthros and may be located at the end of the Monthly Menaeon and the Annotated Psalter under the title: "Dismissal Theotokia according to the troparia of the saints, sung throughout the year, during the Vespers, and at ‘God is the Lord’ during Orthros, and also at the conclusion of Orthros." Look for those in the section "at the conclusion of Orthros."

If the Proheortia or Metheortia coincides with any weekday, after the Troparion for the saint or after the two troparia, the Troparion of the Proheortia (Prefeast) or Troparion of the Metheortia (Afterfeast) is sung. If there is no Troparion given in the Menaeon for a saint, then, only the Troparion of the Prefeast or Afterfeast is sung.

On Wednesday and Friday of Cheesefast week, during Great Holy Tessaracost, and the first three days of Passion Week, the Troparion is, "Standing in the temple..." see above, that which is listed for Tessaracost. However, should the Feast of Holy Annunciation or a saint with Polyeleos coincide, after "It is good to confess to the Lord..." the festal Troparion is sung. For the first Saturday of Tessaracost, St. Theodore’s Saturday, the Troparion is in Tone 2: "Great are the accomplishments of faith, for the holy martyr Theodore rejoiced in the fount of flames, as though in restful waters. For, being burned by fire, he was brought forth to the Trinity as sweet bread. Wherefore, through his intercessions, O Christ God, save our souls." And the Theotokion, Tone 2: "Exceedingly glorious and beyond all comprehension are thy mysteries, 0 Theotokos. For thou art sealed in purity and preserved in virginity. Thou art the acknowledged true Mother, who brought forth the True God: Pray unto Him to save our souls." On Saturdays of Holy Tessaracost (Quadragesima), the second, third and fourth Saturdays when the dead are commemorated, the Troparia are (Tone 2): "O Apostles, martyrs, prophets, hierarchs, venerables, and righteous; having accomplished your work well, and preserved the faith; and in having assurance with the Saviour, we pray you to intercede Him Who is good, for the salvation of our souls." "Glory..." (Tone 2), "Remember O Lord, Thy servants, for Thou art good. And forgive them their sins which they have committed in life. For no one is without sin, only Thee, And Thou art able to grant rest to the departed." "Both now...Amen." (The Theotokion, Tone 2) "Holy Mother of Light ineffable, we honor thee angelically, and piously magnify thee." On the Saturday of Meatfast and the Commemorative Saturday of Pentecost, the Troparia are: "Thou only Creator who, with profound wisdom, benevolently orders all things, and gives to all that which is useful: Give rest, O Lord, to the souls of thy deceased servants; for they have placed their trust in Thee, our Maker and Fashioner, and our God." "Glory...both now...Amen." "We have thee as a bulwark and a haven, and an intercessor well-pleasing unto God, whom thou has borne, O Theotokos without groom, the salvation of the faithful."

The Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom is celebrated on all days which permit the celebration of the Holy Liturgy, except when the Liturgy of St. Basil the Great or the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts is directed.

The Liturgy follows the Third and Sixth Hours; but it combines with Vespers in the aggregate: Third Hour, Sixth Hour, Ninth Hour, Typica, Vespers, Liturgy, when Annunciation falls on a weekday (except Saturday, and thus replaces a Presanctified Liturgy) of the Holy Great Fast (Tessaracost-Quadragesima), or if Annunciation falls on the Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday or Friday of the Holy Passion Week.

The Liturgies of St. John Chrysostom and St. Basil the Great were adopted by all the Orthodox Churches as standard in the sixth century.

The Liturgy of St. Basil follows Third and Sixth Hours on January 1, also which is the Feast of St. Basil, on the five Sundays of the Great Fast, and on Nativity of Christ and Holy Theophany when they fall on Sunday or Monday. But it aggregates with Vespers on the Vigils of Nativity of Christ and Theophany when the feasts do not fall on Sunday or Monday, and the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom is then celebrated oh the feast days themselves; and on Great Thursday and Great Saturday.

When the Liturgy of St. John or the Liturgy of St. Basil combines with Vespers, the Prothesis (Proskomedea) is prepared during the stichera of "Lord, I call upon Thee..." (Kekregarion). The incensing takes place at the conclusion of the Prothesis in the customary manner. The Royal Doors are opened before the Little Entrance and are closed after "Gladsome Light..." and the Prokoemenon. They are again opened for the Trisagion, at the ecphony, and remain open (and are closed) as is the custom during the regular celebration of the Liturgy.

The Liturgy of St. Gregory the Theologian (Liturgy of the Presanctified) always combines with Vespers in the aggregate: Third Hour, Sixth Hour, Ninth Hour, Typica, Vespers, Liturgy.

It is celebrated on all Wednesdays and Fridays of the Great Fast (Tessaracost-Quadragesima); on Thursday of the Great Kanon (of St. Andrew of Crete) in the fifth week of the Great Fast (but if Annunciation coincides, the Presanctified Liturgy is celebrated on the preceding Tuesday, and the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom is celebrated on Thursday, the day of the feast); at the commemoration of great saints (for example, the forty Holy Martyrs or the Third Finding of the Head of the Forerunner), on weekdays (except Saturdays) of the Great Holy Fast; and on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday of Holy Great Passion Week.

If Annunciation coincides with any of the days on which the Presanctified is scheduled, it is replaced by the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom which combines with Vespers.

The celebration of the Holy Liturgy is ordinarily forbidden on the following days:

• On Wednesday and Friday before Cheese-fare Sunday. If the Feast of the Meeting of The Lord (February 2) or the Temple Feast coincide with either Wednesday or Friday of Cheese-fare week, the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom is celebrated. If the Feast of Three Saints (January 30) or the Finding of the Head of St. John the Forerunner (February 24) coincides with either Wednesday or Friday of Cheese-fare week, the Liturgy is transferred to Tuesday or Thursday (day preceding the coincidence) of Cheese-fare week.
• On Mondays, Tuesdays and Thursdays during the Holy Great Tessaracost, except when Annunciation coincides, then the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom is celebrated. In the event that the Temple Feast coincides, or a feast of a great saint, then the Liturgy of the Presanctified is celebrated.
• On Holy Great Friday, except should Holy Annunciation coincide, then the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom is celebrated — with specific aggregates.
• On Friday December 22 or 23 with Nativity of Christ falling on Sunday or Monday, and on Friday January 3 or 4 with Theophany falling on Sunday or Monday.

A liturgical day begins in the evening. Thus, the preparation for a Holy Liturgy begins on the preceding evening. The following devotional order must be observed:

I. Celebrate the Vespers. Should it be impossible to celebrate Vespers, it should be read privately.

A. The Aftersupper should be read.

II. At the Aftersupper the following order is followed for the Kanons:

A. The Kanon to the Most Sweet Jesus.

B. The Intercessory Kanon to the Mother of God (sometimes referred to as the Paraclesis), or, the Kanon to the Theotokos of the Aftersupper which is found in the Octoechos — for the day.

C. The Kanon to the Guardian Angel.

III. The prayers before retiring.

IV. In the morning before the Liturgy, one must read (or listen to the prayers being read by a deacon or a server) The Acolouths in Preparation for Holy Communion (Office in Preparation for Holy Communion). One must not celebrate the Holy Mystery, nor partake of the Holy Communion if this "Office" is not fulfilled.

In preparing for the participation in a weekday Holy Liturgy, numbers I, III and IV given in the above outline are to be observed. The following changes are to be made in section II of the above:

• In preparing for a Monday Liturgy, The Kanon to the Bodiless Powers is added after B., whereas, C. Kanon to the Guardian Angel, may be omitted.
• In preparing for a Tuesday Liturgy, observe the following: A. The Kanon to the Lord Jesus (The Octoechos contains a "Penitential Kanon" which may be used). B. The Paraclesis to the Theotokos. C. The Kanon to St. John the Forerunner and Baptist. D. The Kanon to the Guardian Angel.
• For a Wednesday Liturgy: A. The Kanon to the Most Sweet Jesus. B. The Kanon to the Theotokos the Hodegetria (Another Kanon to the Theotokos may be used, if desired). C. The Kanon to the Guardian Angel.
• For a Thursday Liturgy: A. The Kanon to the Lord Jesus (The "Penitential" from the Octoechos may be used). B. The Paraclesis to the Theotokos. C. The Kanon to the Guardian Angel D. The Kanon to the Holy Apostles. E. The Kanon to St. Nicholas (optional).
• For a Friday Liturgy: A. The Kanon to the Venerable and Life-creating Cross. B. The Paraclesis to the Theotokos. C. The Kanon to the Guardian Angel.
• For a Saturday Liturgy: A. The Kanon to the Most Sweet Jesus. B. The Akathistos to the Theotokos. C. The Kanon to the Guardian Angel. D. The Kanon to All Saints. E. The Kanon for the Dead ("E" is not given in the Psalter (Moscow, 1960. pp. 499-500), but is indicated in Ustav (K. Nikolsky, S. Petersburg, 1900. p. 372).

During the Paschal season, each of the weekdays is not given over to the "weekday commemoration" — the Holy Resurrection is celebrated — therefore, it is not necessary to follow the above outline for "Weekday Preparation." Instead, "I" of the outline is fulfilled; in place of section II, it suffices to read the Kanon for Pascha; but sections III and IV are fulfilled.

Before the beginning of the "Liturgy of the Catechumens" the entire temple must be incensed, according to the order prescribed in the chapter on Incensing.

The prescribed antiphons or the typical psalms "Bless the Lord, O my Soul," and "Praise the Lord, O my Soul," must not be shortened or omitted.

The Beatitudes must be sung in their entirety. It is recommended that at the singing of the stikhiria (taken from the Kanon of Orthros) set in the Beatitudes, the tone for singing them ought to be the same as indicated in the Kanon. This takes less than five minutes to do and is much more edifying than the singing of complicated compositions of "In Thy Kingdom" in a secular operatic mode. During the singing of the Beatitudes do not interrupt with the deacon’s "Let us pray to the Lord." This deacon’s petition like the reading of the priest’s Entrance Prayer, "Master, Lord..." must be said quietly.

In singing the Troparia after the Little Entrance on ordinary days (the week-days), the following general order must be observed: 1) the Troparion of the temple, 2) Troparion for the day, 3) Troparion of the saint from the Menaeon and the kontakia in this same order. On weekdays after "Glory" the Kontakion, "With Thy Saints give rest..." (if need be) and then after "Both now and ever..." the Kontakion: "O Protection of Christians....." However, under no circumstances may "With Thy Saints " be sung after "Both now and ever ..." Instead, the Theotokion of the Theotokos Temple is always sung if the temple is not dedicated to Christ, or, sing: "0 Protection of Christians ..."

In temples dedicated to Christ the following differences are to be noted: on weekdays the temple Troparion is sung first in the order of the troparia, and its Kontakion after "Both now and ever....." On Sundays, the Troparion and Kontakion for the temple of Christ are not sung at all for they are replaced in those instances by the Resurrection Troparion and Kontakion in the Sunday’s tone.

In temples dedicated to the Theotokos: a) on weekdays, first the Troparion of the temple and the Kontakion after "Both now and ever... ;" b) on Sundays, the Theotokos Troparion follows the Troparion of the Sunday while the Theotokos Kontakion follows "Both now and ever."

The exclamation: "Lord, save the God-fearing... " is not to be used. Immediately after the last Kontakion the priest exclaims: "For Holy art Thou, O our God..." and the deacon: "and unto ages of ages." The deacon’s exclamation: "Lord, have mercy" before "For Holy..." is used only during the Archiereical Liturgy.

The set daily lessons (lections) of the Epistle and Gospel are never omitted. In cases where a major or great feast falls on a weekday, the regularly scheduled lessons for that day (both Epistle and Gospel) are read at the previous day’s Liturgy together with that day’s lessons as if they are a single lesson.

The incensing before the Gospel must not begin during the Prokoemenon or at the beginning of the Epistle, but at the end of the reading of the lesson and during the Alleluaria. This is a "lesser incensing," i.e., after incensing the Holy Altar and Sanctuary, then incense only the two icons-the Saviour and the Theotokos icons (not the entire Iconostasis), and then the clergy and the people.

The "Alleluaria" must be sung and read not only at Feast Day liturgies, but also during the weekday liturgies.

At the Ektenias the following is proper: "For our great lord and father, the most holy Patriarch........ and our Most Reverend Patriarchal Vicar, Bishop…"

"For our divinely protected country, the authorities and armed forces, let us pray to the Lord" (in the Great Ektenia), while at the Ektenia of Fervent Supplication, instead of "let us pray to the Lord," add "and that we may pass all our life in peace, godliness and sanctity."

During the Ektenia of Fervent Supplication — prayers, and/or petitions, may not be inserted by personal desire, but only by a Patriarchal directive.

On Sundays and on Great Feast Days during Liturgies, it is not permitted to say the Ektenia for the Dead with the readings of the names aloud (exception: in case of funeral). In those places where audible commemoration has become a tradition, (reference is to cemetery churches which hold regular services even on Sundays), the reading should be done by the participation of all (many) priests and deacons so as not to prolong needlessly the Services and disrupt the proper order of the Liturgy. During the reading of names a very subdued singing of "Lord, have mercy" may be permitted so as not to drown out the reading.

At the Great Entrance the deacon pronounces: "Our great lord and father, the Most Holy Patriarch.... may the Lord God remember in His Kingdom always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." Priest: "Our Most Reverend Patriarchal Vicar, Bishop of ...may the Lord God remember in His Kingdom..." and "All of you Orthodox Christians may the Lord God remember in His Kingdom, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages."

The commemorations which bishops recite here must not be usurped by priests.

During the celebration of the Liturgy the Royal Doors are opened only: 1) for the Little Entrance and remain open until the Ektenia of the Catechumens, 2) for the Cherubimic Hymn and to the end of the Great Entrance, 3) at the Communion of the Faithful and remain open to the end of the Liturgy (Note: In this country the Royal Doors are opened at the beginning of the Liturgy and remain open until the Ektenia of the Catechumens. Metropolitan Boris, of blessed memory, gave his blessings for this practice to be used in the Exarchate in America. Some priests are given special permission to celebrate with Royal Doors open as much as Bishops, as a mark of their rank).

At the dismissal, the polychronion (Many Years) should be sung: "Our great lord and father ..... the Most-holy Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus, and our Most Reverend Patriarchal Vicar ..... Bishop of ...; the brethren of this holy temple and all Orthodox Christians; O Lord preserve them for many years."

(Molebens)

At the solemn Molebens the Many Years is pronounced as follows:

• The great lord and father, our Most-holy Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus and of the Holy Trinity — St. Sergius Laura the Sacred-Archimandrite ... together with all his divinely protected flock; and our Most Reverend ... Metropolitan or Archbishop or Bishop, etc., and the entire blessed council; grant O Lord, prosperity and peaceful life, health and salvation and furtherance of all good things, and preserve them for many years.
• Prosperity and peaceful life, health and salvation, and the furtherance in ail goodness, grant, O Lord to our divinely protected country, the authorities and the armed forces and preserve them for many years.
• In special instances with the blessing of the celebrating prelate the following may be used: "The Pastor and brethren of this holy temple; all those present here praying and all Orthodox Christians; grant them O Lord, peace, health and salvation, and in all things goodness, and many years."

At Archiereical Liturgies after "Among the first remember O Lord ..." the protodeacon says the following: "Our great lord and father...the most holy Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus, and our Most Reverend Patriarchal Vicar Bishop offering these Holy Gifts unto our Lord God; for the Most Reverend Metropolitans, Archbishops, bishops and for all priestly and monastic orders; for our divinely protected country, the authorities and armed forces; for the peace of the whole world, for the good estate of God’s holy churches; for the salvation and help of those who labor and serve with all care and in fear of God; for the repose, the remission, and forgiveness, and blessed memory of all Orthodox fallen asleep; for the salvation of all here present, and for those we have in our intentions, and for all men and for all women." (The Church Kalendar, 1947, p. 51).

All priests who will concelebrate the Liturgy must together recite the Entrance Prayers (before the Liturgy). The celebrant in the epitracheleon, the other priests in riasons and kamilavkia (if in this rank) but without epitrachelia, the deacons in riasons, kiss the Holy Altar (before kissing the Holy Altar the kamilavkia are removed) and exit from the Sanctuary through the North and South Deacon’s doors to the soleas.

On the soleas all the clergy stand in a single row in front of the Royal Doors, — the celebrant is in the center. The celebrant softly offers the beginning: "O God, cleanse me a sinner " (thrice) and all clerics make the Sign of the Cross and a metania (thrice). Then, the deason: "Master, bless." The celebrant: "Blessed is our God..." The deacon: "Amen. O Heavenly King... Trisagion... Our Father..." and the other prayers. Before reciting the Troparion "We reverence Thy spotless icon..." all priests remove the kamilavkia. make a prostration on weekdays or a metania on Sundays and Duodenary Feasts, and kiss the icon (the small one) of the Saviour, in order of rank. The same procedure is used for the next Troparion, "For as much as thou art..." and the icon (small) of the Theotokos is kissed. All priests, heads bowed, recite silently: "Lord, stretch forth Thy hand..." then the celebrant bows to those on the right, then to those on the left, then the priests on the right side bow to those on the left, and the priests on the left bow to those on the right. All priests turn and bow to the people, the celebrant enters through the right Deacon’s door first, and those on the right side follow him, while those who stood on the left enter the Sanctuary through the left Deacon’s door. In entering the Sanctuary, the icons on the Deacon’s doors are kissed. Upon approaching the Holy Altar one metania is made and the Holy Altar is kissed, then all priests go to vest.

The Prothesis is celebrated by the youngest priest, or the priest assigned. After conclusion of the Prothesis, during the readings of the Sixth Hour, the deacon incenses the Sanctuary and the entire temple. There is no reason to omit the complete incensing.

Before the beginning of the Liturgy of the Catechumens all priests take their places at the side of the Holy Altar in order of their rank. The celebrant stands in front of the Holy Altar and the deacons at his right and left sides facing the front corners of the Holy Altar. The celebrant offers audibly (for the priests to hear): "O God, cleanse me a sinner." All the clergy, together with the celebrant, make the sign of the Cross and bow three times (metania). After this the celebrant with upraised hands (palms toward him) recites the prayer: "O Heavenly King..." "Glory to God in the highest..." "O Lord open thou my lips..." After each prayer all clergy make the Sign of the Cross and a metania; however, no one other than the celebrant raises his hands nor recites the prayers audibly. The deacons then receive their blessings from the celebrant to begin the Liturgy of the Catechumens.

During the Liturgy, the concelebrating priests are not permitted to converse with one another, but must remain in their respective places and read all prayers silently. The ecphonies from the Little Ektenia to the Little Entrance are said in turn by the assisting priests.

During the singing of "In Thy Kingdom..." or, the Antiphon at the time of the Little Entrance, the celebrant and the deacon make two metania, the celebrant kisses the Holy Gospel and hands it to the deacon. The deacon goes to the High Place. After this the celebrant and all the priests make the Sign of the Cross and a metania, kiss the Holy Altar (according to practice each in his respective place), the celebrant does not kiss the Holy Altar, and follow the deacon according to his rank, first, the youngest. On the soleas the priests take the same places as at the Holy Altar. If there is no deacon, the celebrant himself carries the Holy Gospel. During the procession "Let us pray to the Lord" and "Lord have mercy" and the prayer of the Entrance are said quietly without an interruption in the singing of the Third Antiphon. On the soleas, the deacon, after having received the celebrant’s blessing for the Entrance, brings to him the Gospel to kiss, and, after the completion of all the "Beatitudes" of the Antiphon, stands under the arch of the Royal Doors and says: "Wisdom, Attend!" raises the Holy Gospel but does not make the Sign of the Cross with it.

The Deacon enters the Sanctuary and places the Holy Gospel on the Holy Altar. If there is no deacon, "Wisdom, Attend!" is exclaimed by the celebrant, making the Sign of the Cross with the Gospel, and then places it upon the Holy Altar. After this, he kisses the small icon of the Saviour at the Royal Doors; blesses the Altar Boys, and kisses the small icon of the Theotokos at the left side of the Royal Doors. The priests kiss only one icon — the icon on his own side.

After the singing of the troparia and the kontakia, the celebrant exclaims: "For holy art thou..." the deacon exits through the Royal Doors, turning toward the people as he completes the Ecphony: "And unto ages of ages." The deacon’s petition: "Let us pray to the Lord/’ before the priest’s Ecphony: "For holy art thou..." is not permitted, where this is being done it is a grave error. During the singing of the "Trisagion," the celebrant recites quietly the Trisagion himself (thrice) independently of the singing order, kisses the Holy Altar, goes to the High Place and stands to the south side of it (not in the center). Only bishops are permitted to stand or sit on the High Place (Throne). The priests also kiss the Holy Altar and stand to each side of the High Place according to their rank.

Before the Ecphony "Peace be to all" the celebrant bows to the right and to the left to the priests. If there is no deacon, the incensing before the Gospel Lesson (during the Alleluaria) is done by the third priest (if three are concelebrating). The second priest, after the Epistle, bows to the celebrant, goes to the Holy Altar and gives the Gospel to the deacon. If there is no deacon, the Gospel is read at the Holy Altar by the celebrant (The practices permitted by our American Exarchs of facing the people when reading the Gospel is not out of place). After the Gospel has been read the celebrant receives the Holy Gospel from the deacon, gives it to the second priest who in turn places it (on edge — so it stands) upon the Holy Altar directly in front of the Holy Tabernacle.

During the Ektenia of Fervent Supplication at the petition for the Patriarch, the celebrant opens the lower half of the Antimension; and, during the Ektenia of the Catechumens at "That He will reveal to them the Gospel of Righteousness" the first two assisting priests open the upper half of the Antimension, make the Sign of the Cross, and bow to the celebrant.

The Ecphony for the Ektenia of Fervent Supplication is said by the celebrant. The other Ecphonies up to the Cherubimic Hymn are said in turn by the priests or as directed by the celebrant.

At the Cherubimic Hymn only the celebrant elevates his hands and recites audibly: "Let us who..."

At the Great Entrance the deacon exclaims: ‘‘Our great lord and father, the Most Holy Patriarch ..... may the Lord God remember in His Kingdom always, now and ever and unto ages of ages."

The celebrant: "Our Most Reverend Patriarchal Vicar, (name), Bishop of (name), may the Lord God remember in His Kingdom always, now and ever and unto ages of ages."

The second priest: "All you Orthodox Christians may the Lord God remember in His Kingdom always, now and ever and unto ages of ages."

The remaining priests remain silent. It is not recommended that any additions whatsoever be made, just to allow priests to have a part to recite.

After the Cherubimic Hymn all the priest’s Ecphonies are said by the celebrant. During the Eucharistic Kanon, in accordance with the established practices of all Orthodox Churches, the celebrant faces the people and blesses them with his hand as he says: "The grace of our Lord...." The next Ecphony (and the others) "Lift up your hearts" is said facing the Holy Altar. During the Elevation of the Holy Gifts at "Thine own of Thine own..." the celebrant does not make a Cross over the Antimension with the Chalice and Discarion.

At "Especially our most Holy, Immaculate, Most blessed and glorious Lady..." the celebrant incenses the Holy Gifts, (three times three)

Before receiving Holy Communion the celebrant says: "O God, cleanse me a sinner (thrice and three metanias), then recites: "Remit, forgive..." and bows to the co-celebrants and says: "Bless me, holy fathers, and forgive me a sinner." The co-celebrants likewise bow to him. Then the celebrant turns to the west and with the same words asks forgiveness of the faithful. Afterwards while he says: "Lo, I draw near unto the King Immortal and our God" he makes a prostration on weekdays (Sundays and Duodenary Feasts a metania), kisses the edge of the Holy Altar and places the immaculate Body of Christ in the palm of his right hand with his left and goes to the right side of the Holy Altar where the second priest stood. Then all the priests, standing on the right side, move to the left side (by way of the High Place) and stand in line according to their rank to receive the same Immaculate Body of Christ. The second priest, placing the Pure Body of Christ in his hand, does not go around the celebrant, but returns by way of the left side of the Holy Altar and stands next to him. The priests are not to pass behind the backs of other priests while holding the Body of Christ in their hands. Therefore, the priests in line to receive must stand far enough away from the Holy Altar to allow the passing of priests with the Body of Christ. When all the priests have taken the Body of Christ, the celebrant returns to the center at the Holy Altar and recites (for all to hear) the Communion Prayer: "I believe O Lord and I confess....." At the end of the prayer ail the priests consume the Body of Christ. The celebrant then partakes of the Holy Chalice and gives the deacons the Most Pure Body of Christ. If only one priest and deacon (s) celebrate, the deacon receives the Body with the priest and consumes the Body together with the priest. For receiving the Most Precious Blood all the co-celebrants approach from the right side of the Holy Altar, make a partial metania, and say before sipping; "The Precious Blood of our Lord..." After all the priests have received, the celebrant communicates the deacons. All priests, except the one who will consume the Holy Gifts, partake of warm water with wine and antidoron.

At the Ecphony: "Always, now and ever and unto ages of ages" the celebrant makes the Sign of the Cross with the Holy Chalice (blessing the Faithful) standing in the arch of the Royal Doors recalling the last blessing of our Lord Jesus Christ on Mt. Olivet before His Ascension.

During the Ektenia: "Attend! Having received the Divine, Holy..." the celebrant kisses the Antimension and the sponge, folds the Antimension. The first priests on his right and left assist him. The next two priests (if there be any) move the Holy Gospel and stand it on the Antimension, and when the celebrant exclaims: "For thou art our sanctification..." he makes the Sign of the Cross over the Antimension with the Gospel, kisses the Gospel, and lays it on the Antimension.

The Prayer before the Ambon is usually read by the youngest priest. Before exiting from the Sanctuary, he makes the Sign of the Cross, kisses the Holy Altar, and bows to the celebrant. After reading the prayer, he returns to the Sanctuary and makes the Sign of the Cross and bows to the celebrant.

If the celebrant delivers a sermon following "Blessed be the name of the Lord..." all co-celebrating priests stand on the soleas and are attentive.

For the dismissal, all the clergy exit from the Sanctuary, through the Royal Doors. The celebrant says the dismissal with the hand cross. All the clergy venerate the Cross, return to the Sanctuary, read the Thanksgiving Prayers, before unvesting (The Church Kalendar, 1947, pp. 53-54).

• Before singing the next-to-last Kontakion, "Glory..." is sung; and, before the last Kontakion, "Both now... Amen."
• If there be only one Kontakion, before it "Glory... both now..." is sung.
• During the Tessaracost and the Paschal periods, the Troparia and the Kontakia are sung as directed by the Directives, indicated in the Triodion and the Pentecostarion, the Menaeon and the Typicon.
• Offerings for the dead, i.e., commemorating them at the Proskomedia (hence, a "Requested Liturgy"), may be made during all the days, but the Kontakion, "With the Saints give rest..." is never sung on Sundays.

"With the Saints..." is not sung during the week-days, including Saturday, if there coincides a commemoration which has the celebration of the Vigil, or the Polyeleos, or the Great Doxology. It is sung only if there be the Sextuple Service or a service without the Festal Sign. This Kontakion is never sung in the Proheortia or the Metheortia and in the period of the Pentecostarion, exception Saturday before Pentecost (Trinity Saturday).

• If the Despotic Duodenary Feast coincides, the Troparion and the Kontakion of the Feast are sung.
• If a Despotic non-Duodenary Feast coincides, the Troparia: Sunday, Feast, and Saint; Kontakia: Sunday, Saint and Feast.
• If a Theometoric Duodenary Feast coincides, the Troparia: Sunday and Feast; Kontakia: Sunday and Feast.
• If a Theometoric non-Duodenary Feast coincides, the Troparia: Sunday, Feast and Saint; Kontakia: Sunday, Saint and Feast.
• If there be the coincidence of the Proheortia or the Metheortia, the Troparia: Sunday, Proheortion or Metheortos, and Saint; Kontakia: Sunday, Saint and Proheortion or Metheortos.
• If the Apodosis of the Despotic Duodenary or Theometoric Duodenary Feast coincides, the Troparia: Sunday and Feast; Kontakia: Sunday and Feast (sometimes the Troparion and the Kontakion of the Saint may be added, see 25 November).
• If there is ordered a Vigil for a Saint, or the Polyeleos, or the Doxology, or the Sextuple Service (one in which six stichera are prescribed for "Lord, I call upon..." at Vespers), or Service without the Festal Sign, the Troparia: Sunday, Saint (one or two); Kontakia: Sunday, Saint (one or two) and the Theotokion, "O Protection of Christians unashamed..."

• If there is the coincidence of a Despotic or Theometoric Duodenary Feast, the Troparion and the Kontakion of the Feast are sung.
• If there is the coincidence of a Despotic non-Duodenary Feast, the Troparia: Feast and Saint; Kontakia: Saint and Feast.
• If there is a coincidence of a Theometoric non-Duodenary Feast (feast of a Theotokos Icon or other), the Troparia: Feast and Saint; Kontakia: Saint and Feast.
• If there is the Proheortion or the Metheortos of a Despotic Feast, the Troparia: Proheortion or Metheortos and Saint; Kontakia: Saint and Proheortion or the Metheortos.
• If there is the Proheortion or the Metheortos of a Theometoric Feast, the Troparia: Temple, Proheortion or Metheortos, and Saint (if there is more than one Saint, also a second Troparion); Kontakia: Temple, Saint and Proheortion or the Metheortos.
• If there is the Apodosis of a Despotic or of a Theometoric Feast, the Troparion and the Kontakion of the Feast (sometimes are added the Troparion and the Kontakion of the Saint — see 25 November).
• If there is ordered the Vigil for a Saint, or Polyeleos, or Doxology, the Troparia: Temple and Saint; Kontakia: Saint and Temple (ex. 26 Sept., 29 June).
• If there is ordered the Sextuplet Service for a Saint, or without the Sign for a Monday, Tuesday and Thursday, the Troparia: Temple, Day of the Week (two on Thursday), Saint of the Menaeon (one or two); Kontakia: Day of the Week (two on Thursday), Saint of the Menaeon (one or two), "Glory," "With the Saints give rest..." "Both now," Temple.
• If there is ordered the Sextuplet Service for a Saint or without the Sign for Wednesday and Friday, the Troparia: Day ("Lord, save Thy people..."), Saint of the. Menaeon (one or two); Kontakia: Day ("Thou didst ascend the Cross..."), Saint of the Menaeon (one or two), "Glory," "With the Saints give rest..." "Both now," Temple.
• If there is coincidence on Saturday of Vigil for a Saint, or Polyeleos, or Doxology, or the Proheortion, the Metheortos or Apodosis, see above, 11, 12, 13 and 14.
• If there is ordered the Sextuplet Service for a Saint, or without the Sign for Saturday, the Troparia: Temple, Day ("Apostles, Martyrs...") and Saint of the Menaeon (one or two); Kontakia: Saint of the Menaeon, "Glory," "With the Saints give rest..." "Both now," "The universe brings to Thee the first fruits of nature..." (All Saints).
• Requiem Liturgies on Ancestral Meat-fare and Trinity Saturdays, Troparion, "Thou only Creator Who, with profound wisdom, benevolently orderest all things, and givest unto all that which is useful. Give rest, O Lord, to the soul(s) of Thy deceased servant(s); for he (she, they) has (have) placed his (her, their) trust in Thee, our Maker and Fashioner, and our God." "Glory," "With the Saints give rest..." "Both now," "We have thee as a Bulwark and a Haven, and an Intercessor well-pleasing unto God; whom thou hast borne, 0 Theotokos without groom, the salvation of the faithful."
• Requiem Liturgies on Demetrius Saturday, on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th of Tessaracost: Troparion of the day, "Apostles, Martyrs..." and, "Remember, O Lord...." "Glory," "With the Saints..." "Both now," "We have thee as a Bulwark..."
• At the commemoration on Monday or Tuesday following Thomas Sunday, the Troparion, "Though the Tomb was sealed..." and the Troparion of the Saint of the Menaeon; Kontakia: Saint of the Menaeon, and, "With his anxiously searching right hand..."

• If the Despotic Duodenary Feast coincides, the Troparion and the Kontakion of the Feast are sung.
• If a Despotic non-Duodenary Feast coincides, the Troparia: Sunday, Feast and Saint; Kontakia: Sunday, Saint and Feast.
• If a Theometoric Duodenary Feast coincides, the Troparia: Sunday and Feast; Kontakia: Sunday and Feast.
• If a Theometoric non-Duodenary Feast coincides, the Troparia: Sunday, Feast and Saint; Kontakia: Sunday, Saint and Feast.
• If there be the coincidence of the Proheortia or the Metheortia of the Despotic Feasts, the Troparia: Sunday, Proheortion or Metheortos, Temple, and Saint; Kontakia: Saint, Proheortion or Metheortos.
• If there be the coincidence of the Proheortion or the Metheortos of a Theometoric Feast, the Troparia: Sunday, Proheortion or Metheortos, and Saint; Kontakia: Sunday, Saint, Proheortion or Metheortos.
• If the Apodosis of a Despotic or Theometoric Feast coincides, the Troparia: Sunday, Feast; Kontakia: Sunday and Feast (sometimes a Troparion and a Kontakion of a Saint are added, see 25 November).
• If there is ordered a Vigil for a Saint, or Polyeleos, or Doxology, or the Sextuple Service, or one without the Sign, the Troparia: Sunday, Temple and Saint of the Menaeon (one or two); Kontakia: Sunday, Saint of the Menaeon (one or two) and Temple.

• If there is the coincidence of a Despotic or Theometoric Duodenary Feast, the Troparion and the Kontakion of the Feast are sung.
• If there is the coincidence of a Despotic non-Duodenary Feast, the Troparia: Feast and Saint; Kontakia: Saint and Feast.
• If there is a coincidence of a Theometoric non-Duodenary Feast (feast of a Theotokos Icon or other), the Troparia: Feast and Saint; Kontakia: Saint and Feast.
• If there is the Proheortion or the Metheortos of a Despotic Feast, the Troparia: Proheortion or Metheortos, Temple and Saint; Kontakia: Temple, Saint and Proheortion or Metheortos.
• If there is the Proheortion or the Metheortos of a Theometoric Feast, the Troparia: Proheortion or Metheortos and Saint; Kontakia: Saint and Proheortion or Metheortos.
• If there is the Apodosis of a Despotic or of a Theometoric Feast, the Troparion and the Kontakion are of the Feast (sometimes the Troparion and the Kontakion of a Saint are added, see 25 November).
• If there is ordered the Vigil for a Saint, or Polyeleos, or Doxology, the Troparia: Temple and Saint; Kontakia: Saint and Temple.
• If there is ordered the Sextuplet Service for a Saint, or without the Sign for a Monday, Tuesday and Thursday, the Troparia: Day of the Week (on Thursday there are two), and Saint of the Menaeon (one or two); Kontakia: Day (two on Thursday), Saint of Menaeon (one or two), "Glory," "With the Saints give rest..." "Both now," Temple.
• If there is ordered the Sextuplet Service for a Saint, or without the Sign for a Wednesday and Friday, the Troparia: Day ("Lord, save Thy people..."), Temple and Saint of Menaeon (One or two); Kontakia: Day ("Thou didst ascend the Cross..."), Saint of Menaeon (one or two), "Glory," "With the Saints..." "Both now," Temple.
• If there is coincidence on Saturday of Vigil for a Saint, or Polyeleos, or Doxology, or the Proheortion, the Metheortos or Apodosis, see above 12, 13, 14 and 15.
• If there is ordered the Sextuplet Service for a Saint, or without the Sign for Saturday, the Troparia: Temple, Day ("Apostles, Martyrs..."), and Saint of the Menaeon (one or two); Kontakia: Saint of the Menaeon (one or two), "Glory," "With the Saints..." "Both now," "The universe brings to Thee the first fruits of nature..." (All Saints).
• Requiem Liturgies on Ancestral Meat-fare and Trinity Saturdays, Troparion, "Thou only Creator..." "Glory," "With the Saints..." "Both now," "We have thee as a Bulwark..."
• Requiem Liturgies on Demetrius Saturday, on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th of Tessaracost: "Apostles, Martyrs..." "Remember, O Lord..." "Glory," "With the Saints..." "Both now," "We have thee as a Bulwark..."
• At the commemoration on Monday or Tuesday following Thomas Sunday, the Troparia "Though the Tomb was sealed..." Temple and Saint of the Menaeon; Kontakia: Saint of the Menaeon and "With his anxiously searching right hand..."

• If the Despotic Duodenary Feast coincides, the Troparion and the Kontakion of the Feast are sung.
• If a Despotic non-Duodenary Feast coincides, the Troparia: Sunday, Feast and Saint of the Menaeon; Kontakia: Sunday, Saint of the Menaeon and Feast.
• If a Theometoric Duodenary Feast coincides, the Troparia: Sunday and Feast; Kontakia: Sunday and Feast.
• If a Theometoric non-Duodenary Feast coincides, the Troparia: Sunday, Feast and Saint of the Menaeon; Kontakia: Sunday, Saint of the Menaeon and Feast.
• If there be the coincidence of the Proheortia or the Metheortia of the Despotic or Theometoric Feast, the Troparia: Sunday, Proheortion or Feast, Temple and Saint of the Menaeon; Kontakia: Sunday, Temple, Saint of Menaeon and the Proheortion or Feast.
• If the Apodosis of a Despotic or Theometoric Feast coincides, the Troparia: Sunday and Feast; Kontakia: Sunday and Feast (sometimes a Troparion and a Kontakion of a Saint are added, see 25 November).
• If there is ordered a Vigil for a Saint, the Troparia: Sunday and Saint; Kontakia: Sunday, Saint and "0 Protection of Christians unashamed..."
• If there is ordered Polyeleos, or Doxology, or the Sextuplet Service, or without the Sign, the Troparia: Sunday, Temple and Saint of the Menaeon; Kontakia: Sunday, Temple, Saint and "0 Protection of Christians unashamed..."

• If there is the coincidence of a Despotic or Theometoric Duodenary Feast, the Troparion and the Kontakion of the Feast are sung.
• If there is the coincidence of a Despotic non-Duodenary Feast, the Troparia: Feast and Saint of the Menaeon; Kontakia: Saint of the Menaeon and Feast.
• If there is the coincidence of a Theometoric non-Duodenary Feast, the Troparia: Feast and Saint of the Menaeon; Kontakia: Saint of the Menaeon and Feast.
• If there is the coincidence of the Despotic or Theometoric Proheortion or Metheortos, the Troparia: Proheortion or Feast, Temple and Saint of the Menaeon; Kontakia: Temple, Saint of the Menaeon, and Proheortion or Feast.
• If there is the Apodosis of a Despotic or Theometoric Feast, the Troparion and the Kontakion of the Feast are sung (sometimes a Troparion and a Kontakion of a Saint are added, see 25 November)
• If there is ordered a Vigil for a Saint, the Troparion of the Saint is sung, Kontakion of the Saint, and "0 Protection of Christians unashamed..."
• If there is ordered a Polyeleos or Doxology for a Saint, the Troparia: Temple and Saint; Kontakia: Temple, Saint and "O Protection of Christians unashamed..."
• If there is ordered the Sextuplet Service for a Saint, or without the Sign — for all days except Saturday, the Troparia: Day of the Week (on Thursday there are two), Temple and Saint of the Menaeon (one or two); Kontakia: Day (on Thursday there are two), Temple, Saint of the Menaeon (one or two), "Glory," "With the Saints give rest..." "Both now," "O Protection of Christians unashamed..."
• If there is ordered for a Saturday a Vigil for a Saint, or Polyeleos, or Doxology, or the Proheortion or Metheortos or the Apodosis takes place, the Troparia and Kontakia are sung as indicated for any day of the week.
• If there is ordered the Sextuplet Service, or without the Sign for Saturday the Troparia: Day ("Apostles, Martyrs..."), Saint of the Menaeon (one or two), "Glory," the Kontakion, "With the Saints give rest..." "Both now," "The universe brings to Thee the first fruits of nature..."
• Requiem Liturgies on Ancestral Saturdays of Meat-fare and Pentecost (Trinity): "Thou only Creator..." "Glory," "With the Saints..." "Both now," "We have thee as a Bulwark..."
• Requiem Liturgies on Demetrius Saturday and on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Saturdays of Tessaracost: "Apostles, Martyrs..." "Remember, O Lord..." "Glory," "With the Saints give rest.,.," "Both now," "We have thee as a Bulwark..."
• On Monday or Tuesday of Week following Thomas Sunday: "Though the Tomb was sealed..." Temple, Saint; Kontakia: Temple, Saint, and, "With his anxiously searching right hand..." .

Lent, as it exists today in the Orthodox Church, is the result of a long historical development, of which no more than a brief summary can be offered here. The portion of the Church's Year covered by the Lenten Triodion falls into three periods:

(1) The Pre-Lenten Period: three preparatory Sundays (the Publican and the Pharisee; the Prodigal Son; the Last Judgement), followed by a preliminary week of partial fasting, ending with the Sunday of Forgiveness.

(2) The Forty Days of the Great Fast, beginning on Monday in the first week (or, more exactly, at Sunday Vespers on the evening before), and ending with the Ninth Hour on Friday in the sixth week.

(3) Holy and Great Week, preceded by the Saturday of Lazarus and Palm Sunday.

The third of these three periods, the Paschal fast of Holy Week, is the most ancient, for it was already in existence during the second and third centuries. The fast of forty days is mentioned in sources from the first half of the fourth century onwards. The pre-Lenten period developed latest of all: the earliest references to a preliminary week of partial fasting are in the sixth or seventh century, but the observance of the other three preparatory Sundays did not become universal in the Greek East until the tenth or eleventh century.

(1) The Paschal Fast in the second and third centuries. In the second century it was the custom for Christians in both East and West to observe, immediately before Easter Sunday, a short fast of one or two days, either on Saturday only or on Friday and Saturday together. This was specifically a Paschal fast in preparation for the service of Easter night. It was a fast of sorrow at the absence of the Bridegroom, in fulfilment of Christ's own words: ‘But the days will come, when the Bridegroom shall be taken away from them, and then shall they fast in those days’ (Mark 2:20). The fast, whether of one or two days, was in principle a total one, without any food or drink being taken at all.

By the middle of the third century, this Paschal fast had in many places been extended to embrace the entire week from Monday to Saturday. There was, however, no uniformity of practice, and some Christians fasted for less than the full six days. Only a few can have managed to keep a total fast throughout the whole period. In some places it was the practice to eat bread and salt, with water, at the ninth hour (3 p.m.) on the four days from Monday until Thursday, and then to keep, if possible, a total fast on Friday and Saturday; but not all the faithful were as strict as this. In this six-day Paschal fast may be seen the distant origins of Holy Week; but the developed ritual to which we are accustomed, with special commemorations on each day of the week, is not found until the late fourth century. During the pre-Nicene period, there seems to have been a unitary celebration of Christ's death and rising, considered as a single mystery, at the Paschal vigil lasting from Saturday evening until Easter Sunday morning. Friday was kept as a fast in preparation for this vigil, but it had not as yet become a distinct and specific commemoration of the Crucifixion; the Cross and the Resurrection were celebrated together during Easter night.

(2) The Fast of Forty Days. There is no evidence of a forty-day fast in the pre-Nicene period. The first explicit reference to such a fast is in Canon 5 of the Council of Nicaea (325), where it is treated as something familiar and established, not as an innovation on the part of the Council. By the end of the fourth century the observance of a forty-day fast seems to have been the standard practice in most parts of Christendom, but in some places — possibly including Rome — a shorter fast may have been kept.

This forty-day fast, found in evidence from the fourth century onwards, differs somewhat in scope and character from the one-week fast of the pre-Nicene period, and the precise relationship between the two is not easy to determine. It has been suggested that the forty-day fast was originally connected with Epiphany rather than Easter; but the evidence for this seems inconclusive. It is, however, clear that whereas the pre-Nicene fast was specifically a Paschal observance in preparation for Easter, the forty-day fast was connected more particularly with the final preparation of the catechumens for the sacrament of Baptism or ‘illumination.’ In the weeks before their baptismal initiation, the candidates underwent a period of intensive training, with daily instruction, special services and fasting. The existing members of the church community were encouraged to share with the catechumens in this prayer and abstinence, thus renewing year by year their baptismal dedication to Christ. So the forty-day fast came to involve the whole body of the faithful, and not just those preparing for Baptism.

Lent, as we know it, is thus the result of a convergence between these two elements — between the six-day pre-Nicene fast, which was directly in preparation for Easter, and the forty-day post-Nicene fast, which originally formed part of the training of candidates for Baptism. It was natural that these two elements should become fused into a single observance, for they both have the same end-point — the night of Holy Saturday. The Paschal vigil on this night, in celebration of the death, burial and rising of Christ, was for obvious reasons chosen as the occasion for administering Baptism; for this sacrament is precisely an initiation into the Lord's Cross and His Resurrection (see Rom. 6: 3-4).

Today in most parts of the Church there is no organized catechumenate, and it is customary to administer Baptism on many other occasions besides the night of Holy Saturday; yet the baptismal significance of Lent has still a living importance. For every member of the Christian community, Lent is a time of spiritual training and renewed illumination. It is a time to realize afresh that, by virtue of our baptismal initiation, we are crucified, buried and risen with Christ; it is a time to reapply to ourselves the words of St. Paul, ‘I live, yet not I, but Christ lives in me’ (Gal. 2:20). It is a time for us to listen more closely to the voice of the Spirit in whom we were sealed at our Chrismation, immediately after our ‘burial’ in the baptismal waters.

The choice of the number forty for the days of Lent has obvious Biblical precedents. The people of Israel spent forty years in the wilderness (Exod. 16: 35); Moses remained fasting for forty days on Mount Sinai (Exod. 34:28); Elijah abstained from all food for forty days as he journeyed to Mount Horeb (3 [1] Kgs. 19:8). Most important of all, Christ fasted for forty days and forty nights in the wilderness, tempted by the devil (Matt. 4:1).

But how are the forty days to be computed? In the fourth and fifth centuries, the manner of reckoning varied. Some kept a fast of six weeks, some of seven or even eight.37 Three points arose:

Divergent answers to these three questions account for present-day differences between the Western and the Orthodox Lent. At Rome Holy Week was included as part of the forty days, Saturday was regarded as a day of fasting, but in calculating the number forty all Sundays were excluded from the reckoning. This produced a six-week fast of six days in each week, constituting a total of thirty-six days. To make up the full measure of forty days, four further days of fasting were then added at the beginning, with the result that Lent in the West commences on a Wednesday.

At Constantinople, on the other hand, Holy Week — together with the Saturday of Lazarus and Palm Sunday — was not regarded as part of the forty-day fast in the strict sense. At Vespers on Friday evening in the sixth week, immediately preceding the Saturday of Lazarus, the distinction between the forty days and Holy Week is very clearly marked in the existing text of the Triodion:

Having completed the forty days that bring profit to our soul,

We beseech Thee in Thy love for man:

Grant us also to behold the Holy Week of Thy Passion. . .

At Constantinople and in the East generally, Saturdays, with the one exception of Holy Saturday, were not considered days of fasting. But in reckoning the number forty it was the custom to count continuously, including Saturdays and Sundays in the calculation. Thus the forty days began on the first Monday in Lent and ended on Friday in the sixth week; then came Lazarus Saturday, Palm Sunday and Holy Week, which, while distinct from the forty days, were treated as part of the Lenten Fast in the broader sense. In this way the forty days and Holy Week together constituted a fast of seven weeks. So it is that Lent begins on Ash Wednesday in Western Christendom, while commencing in the East two days earlier on Monday.

Christians in the Greek East, however, while as a rule counting the forty days continuously, have sometimes chosen to exclude Saturday and Sunday from the calculation. With Holy Week included in the reckoning, this resulted in a seven-week fast of five days in each week, adding up to thirty-five days. But since Holy Saturday is a day of fasting, this also was included, bringing the total number of days to thirty-six. As we have seen, the West before the addition of the four preliminary days likewise had a thirty-six day fast, although computed in a somewhat different manner. In both East and West this number of thirty-six has been given a symbolical meaning. Just as the Israelites dedicated to God a tithe or tenth of their produce, so Christians dedicate the season of Lent to God as a tithe or tenth of the year. The part is offered in token of the whole: by rendering back to God a tenth of what He has given to us, we call down His blessing upon the remainder and acknowledge that all material goods and all moments of time are a gift from His hand. This notion of Lent as a tithe or first-fruits of the year is not much emphasized in the existing text of the Triodion, but it is mentioned in the Synaxarion for the Sunday of Forgiveness.

(3) The Completion of the Pattern. In Constantinople from the sixth or seventh century onwards, there arose the practice of adding, before the seven weeks of the fast, an eighth or preliminary week of modified fasting. In our translation of the Triodion, we have termed this the ‘Week before Lent'; it is often styled ‘Cheese Week’ or the ‘Week without Meat,’ because during these days meat is forbidden but cheese and other dairy products are permitted. This preliminary week was added, among other reasons, from the same motive as led to the addition of four extra days at the start of Western Lent: so as to make up the full number forty. In the West, a six-week fast of six days in each week left four days missing from the requisite total. At Constantinople, on the other hand, the days of Lent were (as we have seen) reckoned continuously, and so there was no need of a further preliminary period to produce the total of forty days. But Christians in Palestine calculated in terms of eight weeks, with five days of fasting in each week (no special account being taken of Holy Saturday for the purposes of this reckoning); and so they needed an additional week at the beginning of Lent. The observance of ‘Cheese Week’ in the existing Triodion represents a compromise between the Constantinopolitan and the Palestinian practice: for ‘Cheese Week’ is to be considered part of the fast, and yet it is not fully within Lent.

During the sixth-eleventh centuries, the season of pre-Lenten preparation was gradually expanded to include three other preliminary Sundays: the Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee, ten weeks before Easter; following it, the Sunday of the Prodigal Son; and then the Sunday of the Last Judgement immediately before the beginning of ‘Cheese Week.’ Together with the Sunday of Forgiveness at the end of ‘Cheese Week,’ this makes four preliminary Sundays in all. In this way the full pattern of the Lenten season was completed. The Triodion, as we now have it, opens with the latest Sunday to be added, that of the Publican and the Pharisee.

Within this developed pattern of Lent, what precisely do the rules of fasting demand ? Neither in ancient nor in modern times has there ever been exact uniformity, but most Orthodox authorities agree on the following rules:

(1) During the week between the Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee and that of the Prodigal Son, there is a general dispensation from all fasting. Meat and animal products may be eaten even on Wednesday and Friday.

(2) In the following week, often termed the ‘Week of Carnival,’ the usual fast is kept on Wednesday and Friday. Otherwise there is no special fasting.

(3) In the Week before Lent, meat is forbidden, but eggs, cheese and other dairy products may be eaten on all days, including Wednesday and Friday.

(4) On weekdays (Monday to Friday inclusive) during the seven weeks of Lent, there are restrictions both on the number of meals taken daily and on the types of food permitted; but when a meal is allowed, there is no fixed limitation on the quantity of food to be eaten.

(a) On weekdays in the first week, fasting is particularly severe. According to the strict observance, in the course of the five initial days of Lent, only two meals are eaten, one on Wednesday and the other on Friday, in both cases after the Liturgy of the Presanctified. On the other three days, those who have the strength are encouraged to keep an absolute fast; those for whom this proves impracticable may eat on Tuesday and Thursday (but not, if possible, on Monday), in the evening after Vespers, when they may take bread and water, or perhaps tea or fruit-juice, but not a cooked meal. It should be added at once that in practice today these rules are commonly relaxed. At the meals on Wednesday and Friday xerophagy is prescribed. Literally this means ‘dry eating.’ Strictly interpreted, it signifies that we may eat only vegetables cooked with water and salt, and also such things as fruit, nuts, bread and honey. In practice, octopus and shell-fish are also allowed on days of xerophagy; likewise vegetable margarine and corn or other vegetable oil, not made from olives. But the following categories of food are definitely excluded:

• meat;
• animal products (cheese, milk, butter, eggs, lard, dripping);
• fish (i.e. fish with backbones);
• oil (i.e. olive oil) and wine (i.e. all alcoholic drinks).

(b) On weekdays (Monday to Friday inclusive) in the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth weeks, one meal a day is permitted, to be taken in the afternoon following Vespers, and at this one meal xerophagy is to be observed.

(c) Holy Week. On the first three days there is one meal each day, with xerophagy; but some try to keep a complete fast on these days, or else they eat only uncooked food, as on the opening days of the first week.

On Holy Thursday one meal is eaten, with wine and oil (i.e. olive oil).

On Great Friday those who have the strength follow the practice of the early Church and keep a total fast. Those unable to do this may eat bread, with a little water, tea or fruit-juice, but not until sunset, or at any rate not until after the veneration of the Epitaphion at Vespers.

On Holy Saturday there is in principle no meal, since according to the ancient practice after the end of the Liturgy of St. Basil the faithful remained in church for the reading of the Acts of the Apostles, and for their sustenance were given a little bread and dried fruit, with a cup of wine. If, as usually happens now, they return home for a meal, they may use wine but not oil; for on this one Saturday, alone among the Saturdays of the year, olive oil is not permitted.

The rule of xerophagy is relaxed on the following days:

(1) On Saturdays and Sundays in Lent, with the exception of Holy Saturday, two main meals may be taken in the usual way, around mid-day and in the evening, with wine and olive oil; but meat, animal products and fish are not allowed.

(2) On the Feast of the Annunciation (25 March) and Palm Sunday, fish is permitted as well as wine and oil, but meat and animal products are not allowed. If the Feast of the Annunciation falls on the first four days of Holy Week, wine and oil are permitted but not fish. If it falls on Great Friday or Holy Saturday, wine is permitted, but not fish or oil.

(3) Wine and oil are permitted on the following days, if they fall on a weekday in the second, third, fourth, fifth or sixth week:

First and Second Finding of the Head of St. John the Baptist (24 February)

Holy Forty Martyrs of Sebaste (9 March) Forefeast of the Annunciation (24 March) Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel (26 March) Patronal festival of the Church or Monastery

(4) Wine and oil are also allowed on Wednesday and Thursday in the fifth week, because of the vigil for the Great Canon. Wine is allowed — and, according to some authorities, oil as well — on Friday in the same week, because of the vigil for the Akathistos Hymn.

It has always been held that these rules of fasting should be relaxed in the case of anyone elderly or in poor health. In present-day practice, even for those in good health, the full strictness of the fast is usually mitigated. Only a few Orthodox today attempt to keep a total fast on Monday, Tuesday and Thursday in the first week, or on the first three days in Holy Week. On weekdays — except, perhaps, during the first week or Holy Week — it is now common to eat two cooked meals daily instead of one. From the second until the sixth week, many Orthodox use wine, and perhaps oil also, on Tuesdays and Thursdays, and less commonly on Mondays as well. Permission is often given to eat fish in these weeks. Personal factors need to be taken into account, as for example the situation of an isolated Orthodox living in the same household as non-Orthodox, or obliged to take meals in a factory or school canteen. In cases of uncertainty each should seek the advice of his or her spiritual father. At all times it is essential to bear in mind that ‘you are not under the law but under grace’ (Rom. 6:14), and that ‘the letter kills, but the spirit gives life’ (2 Cor. 3:6). The rules of fasting, while they need to be taken seriously, are not to be interpreted with dour and pedantic legalism; ‘for the kingdom of God is not food and drink, but righteousness and peace and joy in the Holy Spirit’ (Rom. 14:17).

Within the book of the Great Fast, the Lenten Triodion, two constituent elements may be distinguished: first, the cycle of the Psalter and the other Scriptural readings; and secondly, the cycle of liturgical hymnography — of canons, stichera, sessional hymns and the like.

The Psalter and the Scriptural Readings. These are of inestimable importance, for Lent is an annual return to our Biblical roots. It is, more specifically, a return to our roots in the Old Testament; for during Lent, to a far greater degree than at any other time of the year, the Scriptural readings are taken from the Old Testament rather than the New.

This emphasis upon the Old Testament is evident, first of all, in the more prominent place assigned to the Psalter during Lent. Instead of being read through once, as in other weeks of the year, during Lent it is read in its entirety twice each week. Our Lenten aspirations are concentrated in the words of the Psalms that our Lord Himself learnt by heart as a child and used in His own morning and evening prayers. The centrality of the Psalter is particularly evident at Mattins on weekdays in Lent, when nearly half the service is taken up by readings from the Psalms, while the Canon is much shorter than at other seasons. During the Canon itself a particular prominence is likewise given to the Scriptures of the Old Covenant; for the Old Testament Canticles are sung in full on weekdays in Lent, instead of being greatly abbreviated or omitted altogether, as at other times of the year. This serves as a reminder of the original form of the Canon, which in the early period consisted of Scriptural Canticles with no more than a short refrain between the verses from the Bible.

The increased use of the Old Testament is also evident at other Lenten Offices besides Mattins. On weekdays there are additional readings from the Psalter at the First, Third, Sixth and Ninth Hours. In place of the Epistle and Gospel appointed for the Liturgy on each day during the rest of the year, there are on Lenten weekdays three Old Testament lessons, one read at the Sixth Hour and the other two at Vespers. But on Saturdays and Sundays in Lent, since on these days the full Eucharist is celebrated, Epistle and Gospel readings are appointed in the usual way. The Epistle readings in Lent are mostly taken from Hebrews, and the Gospel readings from Mark; in both cases they are arranged in a carefully devised sequence.

The scheme of Old Testament readings in the Triodion was perhaps worked out between the fifth and the seventh century. The three daily lessons are taken from the three main categories of Old Testament literature — from the historical books, the prophets, and the Wisdom literature — according to the following pattern:

(1) Historical books (i.e. the Pentateuch) at the first lesson in Vespers:

(2) The prophets at the Sixth Hour:

(3) Wisdom literature at the second lesson in Vespers:

As well as representing the various categories of Old Testament literature, these books have also been chosen because of their appropriateness to Lent:

(1) Genesis describes the fall of man and his expulsion from Paradise, which is a dominant motif throughout the Triodion. The later chapters of Genesis tell the story of Joseph, who in his innocent sufferings serves as a ‘type’ of Christ.

(2) In the lessons from Exodus, Moses foreshadows Christ, the Old Passover anticipates the New, and the crossing of the Red Sea prefigures the redemptive death and the rising of the Saviour.

(3) The book of Isaiah begins with an appeal for repentance and fasting.

(4) The readings from Ezekiel speak of God's glory — the glory that is also manifested through the Cross and Resurrection: ‘Now is the Son of man glorified, and God is glorified in Him’ (John 13: 31).

(5) The ethical instruction in Proverbs reminds us that Lent is a time for moral effort: to repent is not merely to experience certain emotions but, on the level of practical conduct, to alter our way of life with the help of God's grace. If we find the readings from Proverbs dull and look for something more ‘dramatic’ and ‘exciting,’ this shows that we want to run before we have learnt to walk.

(6) The patient sufferings of Job and his final vindication point forward to the Passion and Resurrection of Christ.

So it becomes apparent that the Old Testament lessons have not been chosen fortuitously, but each has its place in the all-embracing unity of the Triodion.

The Liturgical Hymnography. The non-Biblical material in the Triodion was composed over a period of nearly a thousand years, extending from the sixth to the fifteenth century. Three main strata can be distinguished:

(1) The Beginnings (sixth-eighth centuries). Probably the most ancient existing element is the daily cycle of the troparia of the prophecy, said before the lesson at the Sixth Hour. These are very simple in form, being little more than a rhythmical paraphrase of some text from the Bible. Almost equally ancient is the Akathistos Hymn, probably the work of St. Romanes the Melodist (+ c. 56o).

Somewhat later in date is the most ancient of the Canons, the Great Canon by St. Andrew of Crete (c. 660 - c. 740), apparently composed towards the end of his life — he refers many times to his old age — and intended by its author as an expression of personal devotion rather than for public liturgical use. At the end of the eighth century Andrew, known as ‘Piros’ or ‘the Blind,’ monk of the Lavra of St. Sabas, composed a cycle of idiomela, two for each weekday in Lent, one sung at the aposticha in Mattins and the other at those in Vespers; the cycle was expanded and completed by Andrew's contemporary and fellow-monk, Stephen the Sabaite (725-807), the nephew of St. John of Damascus. These idiomela, which are usually appointed to be sung twice, are exceptionally rich in doctrinal content, summing up the whole theology of the Great Fast, and they deserve to be studied with particular attention.

Among other authors, dating from the sixth to the eighth century and represented in the Triodion, are St. Sophronios, Patriarch of Jerusalem (+ 638), St. John of Damascus (c. 680-c. 749), and St. Kosmas of Maiuma (c. 680-c. 750). Almost all the hymnographers belonging to this first stratum are linked with Syria or Palestine, and most of them are associated more especially with the Lavra of St. Sabas outside Jerusalem.

(2) The Formative Period (ninth century). During this century, the chief center of activity shifts from Palestine to Constantinople, and within Constantinople to the Monastery of Studios, then at the height of its influence. It was ninth-century Studite monks who not only gave to the Lenten Triodion its present structure, but also themselves composed the greater part of its contents. This book, and likewise the Pentekostarion, are substantially the product of Studite editorial work. They bear the mark in particular of the two brothers St. Theodore the Studite (759-826) and St. Joseph the Studite, Archbishop of Thessalonica (762-832). St. Theodore composed the second canon for weekdays in Lent, and his brother Joseph the first. These canons vary in content according to the day of the week: on Monday and Tuesday they are devoted to repentance; on Wednesday and Friday, to the Cross; on Thursday to the apostles; on Saturday, to the martyrs and the dead.

Other ninth-century writers whose work is found in the Triodion are St. Theophanes Graptos (778-845), St. Joseph the Hymnographer (c. 816-c. 886), the Emperor Leo VI the Wise (reigned 886-912), and the poetess Kassia or Kassiani, who spoilt her chances of marrying the Emperor Theophilos (829-42) through the pertness of her repartee, and subsequently became a nun. She is the authoress of a celebrated hymn at Mattins on Great Wednesday, ‘The woman who had fallen into many sins. . . .’

(3) Further additions (tenth-fifteenth centuries). Although the basic structure of the Triodion was completed in the ninth century, many further additions were made during the five subsequent centuries, yet without altering the general pattern articulated by the Studite redactors. Manuscript Triodia surviving from the eleventh century show that there was at that time a wide variety of local usages, but from the twelfth century onwards there is growing uniformity. Among the more notable writers from this third stratum are Simeon the Logothete, known as ‘the Translator’ (tenth century), author of the Lamentation of the Theotokos used at Compline on Good Friday; John Mavropous, Metropolitan of Euchaita (eleventh century), author of the two Canons to St. Theodore on Saturday in the first week; and Patriarch Philotheos of Constantinople (fourteenth century), author of the office in honour of St. Gregory Palamas on the second Sunday.

Surprisingly, some of the best loved elements in the Triodion are also the most recent in date. The three troparia sung at Sunday Mattins after the Gospel reading, ‘Open unto me, O Giver of Life, the gates of repentance. . .’ ‘Guide me in the paths of salvation. . .’ and ‘As I ponder in my wretchedness. . .’ do not appear in this position before the fourteenth century, although the texts themselves are probably more ancient. The Enkomia or ‘Praises,’ sung at Mattins on Holy Saturday, are found for the first time in manuscripts of the fourteenth or fifteenth century.

The manuscript Triodia contain much additional material — canons, idiomela and stichera — not included in the printed Triodion that is now in use; and many of these unpublished texts are of a high standard artistically and spiritually. Thus the existing Triodion, rich and complex though it is, represents no more than a selection from a greater whole.

In its origins a monastic service book, reflecting more particularly the observances of the Studite brotherhood, the Triodion came in time to be adopted also by the parish churches. This process, whereby the ancient ‘cathedral’ rite was gradually replaced by the ‘monastic’ rite, had already begun in the twelfth century and was more or less complete by the fourteenth. Whatever the merits of the ‘cathedral’ rite — and there are many today who favour its revival in a modified form — there was nothing absurd or spiritually inappropriate in the adoption of the monastic Triodion by the parish churches. For the texts in the Triodion are addressed, not to monks only, but to every Christian; and the path of contrition and fasting along which it guides us has universal validity.

The Triodion possesses an inner coherence and unity that are not at once apparent. Why, for example, should St. Theodore the Recruit be commemorated on Saturday in the first week, the holy ikons on the first Sunday, and St. Gregory Palamas on the second? What special connection have these three observances with the ascetic fast of Lent? Let us consider briefly the pattern which links into a single whole the different commemorations during the ten weeks of the Triodion. We shall not enter into details, but shall simply seek to indicate the place of each observance in the general structure of Lent.

(1) The Pre-Lenten Period, (a) The Sunday of Zacchaeus. One week before the Triodion enters into use, there is a Sunday Gospel reading which looks forward directly to the coming fast — Luke 19: 1-10, describing how Zacchaeus climbed a tree beside the road where Christ was to pass. In this reading we note Zacchaeus’ sense of eager expectation, the intensity of his desire to see our Lord, and we apply this to ourselves. If, as we prepare for Lent, there is real eagerness in our hearts, if we have an intense desire for a clearer vision of Christ, then our hopes will be fulfilled during the fast; indeed, we shall, like Zacchaeus, receive far more than we expect. But if there is within us no eager expectation and no sincere desire, we shall see and receive nothing. And so we ask ourselves: What is my state of mind and will as I prepare to embark on the Lenten journey?

(b) The Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee (Gospel reading: Luke 18:10-14). On this and the following two Sundays, the theme is repentance. Repentance is the door through which we enter Lent, the starting-point of our journey to Pascha. And to repent signifies far more than self-pity or futile regret over things done in the past. The Greek term metanoia means ‘change of mind': to repent is to be renewed, to be transformed in our inward viewpoint, to attain a fresh way of looking at our relationship to God and to others. The fault of the Pharisee is that he has no desire to change his outlook; he is complacent, self-satisfied, and so he allows no place for God to act within him. The Publican, on the other hand, truly longs for a ‘change of mind': he is self-dissatisfied, ‘poor in spirit,’ and where there is this saving self-dissatisfaction there is room for God to act. Unless we learn the secret of the Publican's inward poverty, we shall not share in the Lenten springtime. The theme of the day can be summed up in a saying of the Desert Fathers: ‘Better a man who has sinned, if he knows that he has sinned and repents, than a man who has not sinned and thinks of himself as righteous.’

(c) The Sunday of the Prodigal Son (Gospel reading: Luke 15:11-32). The parable of the Prodigal forms an exact ikon of repentance in its different stages. Sin is exile, enslavement to strangers, hunger. Repentance is the return from exile to our true home; it is to receive back our inheritance and freedom in the Father's house. But repentance implies action: ‘I will rise up and go. . .’ (verse 18). To repent is not just to feel dissatisfied, but to take a decision and to act upon it.

On this and the next two Sundays, after the solemn and joyful words of the Polyeleos at Mattins, we add the sorrowful verses of Psalm 136, ‘By the waters of Babylon we sat down and wept. . ..’ This Psalm of exile, sung by the children of Israel in their Babylonian captivity, has a special appropriateness on the Sunday of the Prodigal, when we call to mind our present exile in sin and make the resolve to return home.

(d) The Saturday of the Dead. On the day before the Sunday of the Last Judgement, and in close connection with the theme of this Sunday, there is a universal commemoration of the dead ‘from all the ages.’ (There are further commemorations of the dead on the second, third and fourth Saturdays in Lent.) Before we call to mind the Second Coming of Christ in the services on Sunday, we commend to God all those departed before us, who are now awaiting the Last Judgement. In the texts for this Saturday there is a strong sense of the continuing bond of mutual love that links together all the members of the Church, whether alive or dead. For those who believe in the risen Christ, death does not constitute an impassable barrier, since all are alive in Him; the departed are still our brethren, members of the same family with us, and so we are conscious of the need to pray insistently on their behalf.

(e) The Sunday of the Last Judgement (Gospel reading: Matthew 25:31-46). The two past Sundays spoke to us of God's patience and limitless compassion, of His readiness to accept every sinner who returns to Him. On this third Sunday, we are powerfully reminded of a complementary truth: no one is so patient and so merciful as God, but even He does not forgive those who do not repent. The God of love is also a God of righteousness, and when Christ comes again in glory, He will come as our judge. ‘Behold the goodness and severity of God’ (Rom. 11: 22). Such is the message of Lent to each of us: turn back while there is still time, repent before the End comes. In the words of the Great Canon:

The end draws near, my soul, the end draws near;

Yet thou dost not care or make ready.

The time grows short, rise up: the Judge is at the door.

The days of our life pass swiftly, as a dream, as a flower.

This Sunday sets before us the ‘eschatological’ dimension of Lent: the Great Fast is a preparation for the Second Coming of the Saviour, for the eternal Passover in the Age to Come. (This is a theme that will be taken up in the first three days of Holy Week.) Nor is the judgement merely in the future. Here and now, each day and each hour, in hardening our hearts towards others and in failing to respond to the opportunities we are given of helping them, we are already passing judgement on ourselves.

(f) On Saturday in the week before Lent ('Cheese Week'), there is a general commemoration of all the ascetic saints of the Church, both men and women. As we set out on the journey of the Lenten fast, we are reminded that we do not travel alone but as members of a family, supported by the intercessions of many invisible helpers.

(g) The Sunday before Lent. The last of the preparatory Sundays has two themes: it commemorates Adam's expulsion from Paradise, and it is also the Sunday of Forgiveness. There are obvious reasons why these two things should be brought to our attention as we stand on the threshold of the Great Fast. One of the primary images in the Triodion is that of the return to Paradise. Lent is a time when we weep with Adam and Eve before the closed gate of Eden, repenting with them for the sins that have deprived us of our free communion with God. But Lent is also a time when we are preparing to celebrate the saving event of Christ's death and rising, which has reopened Paradise to us once more (Luke 23:43). So sorrow for our exile in sin is tempered by hope of our re-entry into Paradise:

O precious Paradise, unsurpassed in beauty,

Tabernacle built by God, unending gladness and delight,

Glory of the righteous, joy of the prophets, and dwelling of the saints,

With the sound of thy leaves pray to the Maker of all:

May He open unto me the gates which I closed by my transgression,

And may He count me worthy to partake of the Tree of Life

And of the joy which was mine when I dwelt in thee before.

Note how the Triodion speaks here not of ‘Adam’ but of ‘me': ‘May He open unto me the gates which 7 closed.’ Here, as throughout the Triodion, the events of sacred history are not treated as happenings in the distant past or future, but as experiences undergone by me here and now within the dimension of sacred time.

The second theme, that of forgiveness, is emphasized in the Gospel reading for this Sunday (Matthew 6:14-21) and in the special ceremony of mutual forgiveness at the end of Vespers on Sunday evening. Before we enter the Lenten fast, we are reminded that there can be no true fast, no genuine repentance, no reconciliation with God, unless we are at the same time reconciled with one another. A fast without mutual love is the fast of demons. As the commemoration of the ascetic saints on the previous Saturday has just made clear to us, we do not travel the road of Lent as isolated individuals but as members of a family. Our asceticism and fasting should not separate us from our fellow men but link us to them with ever stronger bonds. The Lenten ascetic is called to be a man for others.

(2) The Forty Days. The two preceding Sundays, of the Last Judgement and of Forgiveness, together constitute — albeit in reverse order — a recapitulation of the whole range of sacred history, from its beginning-point, Adam in Paradise, to its end-point, the Second Coming of Christ, when all time and history are taken up into eternity. During the forty days that now follow, although this wider perspective is never forgotten, there is an increasing concentration upon the central moment in sacred history, upon the saving event of Christ's Passion and Resurrection, which makes possible man's return to Paradise and inaugurates the End. Lent is, from this point of view, a journey with a precise direction; it is the journey to Pascha. The goal of our journey is concisely expressed in the closing prayer at the Liturgy of the Presanctified: ‘. . . may we come uncondemned to worship at the Holy Resurrection.’ Throughout the forty days we are reminded that we are on the move, travelling on a path that leads straight to Golgotha and the Empty Tomb. So we say at the start of the first week:

Let us set out with joy. . . .

Having sailed across the great sea of the Fast,

May we reach the third-day Resurrection of our Lord.

Let us hasten to the Holy Resurrection on the third day. . . .

While our journey proceeds, as travelers we regularly call to mind

how far we have progressed:

As we begin the second day. . . .

Let us now set out with joy upon the second week of the Fast. . . .

As we start upon the third week of the Fast, O ye faithful,

Let us glorify the Holy Trinity,

And joyfully pass through the time that still remains. . .

Weaving garlands for the queen of days

— the day, that is, of the Lord's Resurrection. So we continue:

Now that we have passed beyond the middle point in the time of the Fast,

Let us hasten eagerly towards our journey's end. . . .

So may we be counted worthy to venerate the divine Passion of Christ our God,

And to attain His dread and holy Resurrection.

During each week of Lent, our faces are set towards the objective of our journeying: the Saviour's suffering and triumphant Passover.

The forty days’ journey of Lent recalls in particular the forty years in which the Chosen People journeyed through the wilderness. For us, as for the children of Israel, Lent is a time of pilgrimage. It is a time for our liberation from the bondage of Egypt, from domination by sinful passions; a time for progress by faith through a barren and waterless desert; a time for unexpected reassurance, when in our hunger we are fed with manna from heaven; a time when God speaks to us out of the darkness of Sinai; a time in which we draw near to the Promised Land, to our true home in Paradise whose door the crucified and risen Christ has reopened for us.

The Weekdays of Lent. A characteristic ethos is given to the weekdays of Lent by the frequently repeated prostration's, used especially in conjunction with the Prayer of St. Ephraim, ‘O Lord and Master of my life. . . .’ Brief, sober, yet remarkably complete, this prayer takes us to the very heart of what Lent means.

Another distinctive feature of Lenten weekdays is the Liturgy of the Presanctified, celebrated according to present practice on each Wednesday and Friday, but at one time on every weekday of Lent.

Strictly speaking, the term ‘Liturgy’ is a misnomer, for there is no eucharistic consecration at this service; it is simply the office of Vespers, followed by the distribution of Holy Communion from elements consecrated on the previous Sunday. The full celebration of the Eucharist, being always a festive and triumphant event, is felt to be inconsistent with the austerity of the weekday Lenten Fast; and so already in the fourth century it was laid down that there should be no complete celebration of the Liturgy during Lent except on Saturday and Sunday. But so as to enable the faithful to receive communion on weekdays in Lent — for in the ancient Church it was normal to communicate frequently, and in some places even daily — the order of the Presanctified Liturgy was devised.

Many moments in the Presanctified Liturgy recall the period when Lent was a time of final training before the reception of Baptism, the sacrament of light or ‘illumination.’ Thus between the two Old Testament lessons, the priest, holding the censer and a lighted candle, blesses the congregation, saying: ‘The light of Christ shines upon all’; and, following the Litany for the Catechumens and their dismissal, there is during the second half of Lent an additional Litany ‘for those who are ready for illumination.’ Each time we take part in the Liturgy of the Presanctified, we should ask ourselves: In a world that is increasingly alienated from Christ, what have I done since last Lent to spread the light of the Gospel? And where are the catechumens in our Orthodox churches today?

On Wednesdays and Fridays in Lent, as indeed throughout the year, the normal hymns to the Mother of God known as ‘Theotokia’ are replaced by ‘Stavrotheotokia,’ that is, hymns referring both to the Cross and to the Theotokos, and describing the Mother's grief as she stands beside the Cross of her Son. Through these hymns, we are made conscious of the Blessed Virgin's participation in our observance of Lent.

Let us now consider the sequence of the forty days in greater detail.

(a) The First Week of Lent: Monday to Friday. At Compline on the first four days of Lent, the Great Canon of St. Andrew of Crete is read, divided into four sections; on Thursday in the fifth week it will be read again, this time in continuous form. With its constant refrain, ‘Have mercy upon me, O God, have mercy upon me,’ the Great Canon forms a prolonged confession of sin, an unremitting call to repentance. At the same time, it is a meditation on the whole body of Scripture, embracing all the sinners and all the righteous from the creation of the world to the coming of Christ. Here, more than anywhere else in the Triodion, we experience Lent as a reaffirmation of our ‘Biblical roots.’ Throughout the Great Canon the two levels, the historical and the personal, are skillfully interwoven. ‘The events of the sacred history are revealed as events of my life; God's acts in the past as acts aimed at me and my salvation, the tragedy of sin and betrayal as my personal tragedy.’ The appeal of the Great Canon is very wide: the Scots Presbyterian Alexander Whyte found it ‘the very finest thing; the thing, at any rate, that I most enjoy in all the Office-books of the Greek Church.’

(b) Saturday in the First Week. After the penitential fasting of the first five days of Lent, Saturday and Sunday are kept as feasts of joyful thanksgiving. On Saturday we commemorate the Great Martyr Theodore Tyron or Tiro, ‘the Recruit,’ a Roman soldier in Asia Minor, martyred in the early fourth century under the Emperor Maximian (286-305). Here may be seen at work a rule applied by the Church since the fourth century: as the full Liturgy cannot be offered on weekdays in Lent, saints’ memorials which in the fixed calendar occur during the week are transferred to Saturday or Sunday. So the memorial of St. Theodore, whose feast falls on 17 February, has been transferred to the first Saturday. The texts for the day in the Triodion make frequent reference to the literal meaning of the name Theodore, ‘Gift from God.’

There is a specific reason why St. Theodore has come to be associated with the first week of Lent. According to the tradition recorded in the Synaxarion, the Emperor Julian the Apostate (reigned 361-3), as part of his campaign against the Christians, attempted to defile their observance of the first week of Lent by ordering all the food for sale in the market of Constantinople to be sprinkled with blood from pagan sacrifices. St. Theodore then appeared in a dream to Eudoxios, Archbishop of the city, ordering him to warn his flock against buying anything from the market; instead, so the Saint told him, they should boil wheat (kolyva) and eat this alone. In memory of this event, after the Presanctified Liturgy on the first Friday, a Canon of intercession is sung to St. Theodore and a dish of kolyva is blessed in his honour.

But, quite apart from this historical association of the Great Martyr Theodore with the first week of the fast, it is also spiritually appropriate that he should be commemorated during these days. The Great Fast is a season of unseen warfare, of invisible martyrdom, when by our ascetic dying to sin we seek to emulate the self-offering of the martyrs. That is why, in addition to such commemorations as that of St. Theodore on the first Saturday, there are also regular hymns to the martyrs on all the weekdays of Lent. Their example has a special significance for us in our ascetic efforts during the Great Forty Days.

(c) The Sunday of Orthodoxy. The sense of joy and thanksgiving, already evident on the Saturday of St. Theodore, is still more apparent on the first Sunday in Lent, when we celebrate the Triumph of Orthodoxy. On this day the Church commemorates the final ending of the Iconoclast controversy and the definitive restoration of the holy ikons to the churches by the Empress Theodora, acting as regent for her young son Michael III. This took place on the first Sunday in Lent, 11 March 843. There is, however, not only a historical link between the first Sunday and the restoration of the ikons but also, as in the case of St. Theodore, a spiritual affinity. If Orthodoxy triumphed in the epoch of the Iconoclast controversy, this was because so many of the faithful were prepared to undergo exile, torture, and even death, for the sake of the truth. The Feast of Orthodoxy is above all a celebration in honour of the martyrs and confessors who struggled and suffered for the faith: hence its appropriateness for the season of Lent, when we are striving to imitate the martyrs by means of our ascetic self-denial. The fixing of the Triumph of Orthodoxy on the first Sunday is therefore much more than the result of some chance historical conjunction.

The Triodion gives the text of a special ‘Office of Orthodoxy’ (not translated in this volume), which is held at the end of Mattins or, more commonly, at the end of the Divine Liturgy on this Sunday. The Office celebrates not only the restoration of the holy ikons but, more generally, the victory of the true faith over all heresies and errors. A procession is made with the holy ikons, and after this extracts are read from the synodical decree of the Seventh Ecumenical Council (787). Then sixty anathemas are pronounced against various heretics dating from the third to the fourteenth century; ‘Eternal Memory’ is sung in honour of the emperors, patriarchs and fathers who defended the Orthodox faith; and ‘Many Years’ is proclaimed in honour of our present rulers and bishops. Unfortunately in many parts of the Orthodox Church today this impressive service has fallen into disuse; elsewhere it is performed in a greatly abbreviated form.

Before the Triumph of Orthodoxy came to be celebrated on the first Sunday, there was on this day a commemoration of Moses, Aaron, Samuel and the prophets. Traces of this more ancient observance can still be seen in the choice of Epistle reading at the Liturgy (Hebrews 11:24-6, 32-40), and in the Alleluia verse appointed before the Gospel: ‘Moses and Aaron among His priests, and Samuel among them that call upon His Name.’

(d) The Second Sunday. Since 1368 this Sunday has been dedicated to the memory of St. Gregory Palamas, Archbishop of Thessalonica (1296-1359). This commemoration forms a continuation of the feast celebrated on the previous Sunday: St. Gregory's victory over Barlaam, Akindynos and the other heretics of his time is seen as a renewed Triumph of Orthodoxy. In the earlier period there was on this day a commemoration of the Great Martyr Polycarp of Smyrna (+ c. 155), whose feast was transferred from the fixed calendar (23 February). This commemoration, like that of St. Theodore, underlined the connection between Lenten asceticism and the martyr's vocation. The second Sunday also takes up the theme of the Prodigal Son as a model of repentance, with the first of the two Canons at Mattins being devoted to this parable.

(e) The Third Sunday (the Sunday of the Cross). On this day the service of Mattins concludes with the solemn veneration of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross; the ceremonies are closely parallel to those at the feasts of the Exaltation of the Cross (14 September) and the Procession of the Cross (1 August). The veneration of the Cross on this third Sunday in Lent prepares us for the commemoration of the Crucifixion which is soon to follow in Holy Week, and at the same time it reminds us that the whole of Lent is a period when we are crucified with Christ: as the Synaxarion at Mattins says, ‘Through the forty-day Fast, we too are in a way crucified, dying to the passions.’ The dominant note on this Sunday, as on the two Sundays preceding, is one of joy and triumph. In the Canon at Mattins, the irmoi are the same as at Easter midnight, ‘This is the day of Resurrection. . . ,’ and the troparia are in part a paraphrase of the Paschal Canon by St. John of Damascus. No separation is made between Christ's death and His Resurrection, but the Cross is regarded as an emblem of victory and Calvary is seen in the light of the Empty Tomb.

(f) The Fourth Sunday. On this day is commemorated St. John Climacus, abbot of Sinai (sixth-seventh century), who is assigned a special Sunday in Lent because, by virtue of his writings and his own life, he forms a pattern of the true Christian ascetic. St. John is the author of The Ladder of Paradise, one of the spiritual texts appointed to be read in church during Lent. His memorial, like that of St. Theodore, has been transferred to the movable from the fixed calendar, where he is remembered on 30 March. The first Canon at Mattins on this Sunday is based on the parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:30-5): the repentant Christian is likened to the man who fell among thieves.

(g) The Fifth Week. During this week, there are two special observances:

(i) At Mattins on Thursday, the Great Canon of St. Andrew of Crete is read in its entirety, together with a Canon to St. Mary of Egypt; and St. Mary's Life is also read during the service.

(ii) At Mattins on Saturday, there is sung the Akathistos Hymn to the Mother of God. One of the greatest marvels of Greek religious poetry, with a richness of imagery that is the despair of any translator, the Akathistos Hymn has twenty-four main stanzas, alternatively long and short: each long stanza bears the title ‘ikos’ and ends with the refrain ‘Hail, Bride without bridegroom,’ while each short stanza is termed ‘kontakion’ and ends with the refrain ‘Alleluia.’ The title ‘Akathistos’ means literally ‘not sitting,’ the Hymn being so called because all remain standing while it is sung. The greater part of the Hymn is made up of praises addressed to the Holy Virgin, each beginning with the salutation of the Archangel Gabriel, ‘Hail’ or ‘Rejoice’ (Luke 1:28). The Hymn passes in review the main events connected with Christ's Incarnation, starting with the Annunciation (first ikos) and ending with the Flight into Egypt (sixth ikos) and the Presentation in the Temple (seventh kontakion).

The Akathistos Hymn, so it seems, was originally composed at an epoch when the Annunciation was still celebrated together with Christmas and had not yet become a separate festival. Perhaps at one time it was sung on 26 December, the Synaxis of the Most Holy Theotokos. It was probably during the reign of the Emperor Justinian (527-65) that the Annunciation first began to be celebrated on 25 March; and either when this happened or else soon after — and in any case not later than 718 — the Akathistos Hymn was also appointed to be sung on 25 March. More recently, perhaps during the period of the Turcocratia after the fall of Constantinople (1453), the Hymn was transferred from the fixed to the movable calendar, and instead of being sung on 25 March it was appointed for Saturday in the fifth week. The custom of singing a portion of the Hymn at Compline on the first four Fridays of Lent is more recent still: while found among the Greeks, such a practice is not part of the Slav use.

The link between the Akathistos Hymn and the Feast of the Annunciation still continues to be much in evidence: for example, most of the texts at Friday Vespers before the Vigil of the Akathistos are taken directly from the office for 25 March. The Annunciation almost always falls within the period of the Great Fast, and that is why this special office of praise to the Mother of God has found a place in the Lenten Triodion.

At the beginning of the Akathistos Hymn, there is sung a Kontakion greatly loved by the Orthodox people, ‘To thee, our leader in battle and defender. . . ,’ celebrating the deliverance of the city of Constantinople from its enemies through the aid of the Mother of God. It seems that this Kontakion was not originally part of the Akathistos Hymn, for in the Hymn itself there is nowhere any allusion to such a deliverance. Most probably the Kontakion was written by Patriarch Sergios to celebrate the escape of the Byzantine capital from the attack of the Persians and Avars in 626; in that case, the Akathistos Hymn is almost certainly more ancient than the Kontakion. Perhaps this Kontakion, and the Akathistos Hymn itself, were also sung at the thanksgiving celebrations after other deliverance's of Constantinople: from the Arabs in the mid-670s, from the Arabs again in 717-18, and from the Russians (not yet converted to Orthodoxy) in 860. Understood in a broader sense, the Kontakion expresses, in the conscience of the Orthodox faithful, their sense of continuing dependence on the protecting intercession of the Holy Virgin at all moments of crisis and peril .

(h) The Fifth Sunday. This corresponds closely to the preceding Sunday: just as the fourth Sunday is dedicated to St. John Climacus, the model of ascetics, so the fifth celebrates St. Mary of Egypt, the model of penitents. Like that of St. John Climacus, her feast has been transferred from the fixed calendar, where she is commemorated on 1 April. Her life, recounted by St. Sophronios, Patriarch of Jerusalem — it is read, as we have mentioned, on Thursday in the fifth week — sets before us a true verbal ikon of the essence of repentance. In her youth St. Mary lived in a dissolute and sinful way at Alexandria. Drawn by curiosity, she journeyed with some pilgrims to Jerusalem, arriving in time for the Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross. But when she tried to enter the Church of the Holy Sepulchre with the others, an invisible force thrust her back at the threshold. This happened three or four times. Brought to sudden contrition by this strange experience, she prayed all night with tears to the Mother of God, and next morning she found to her joy that she could enter the church without difficulty. After venerating the Cross, she left Jerusalem on that same day, made her way over the Jordan, and settled as a solitary in a remote region of the desert. Here for forty-seven years she remained, hidden from the world, until she was eventually found by the ascetic St. Zosimas, who was able to give her Holy Communion shortly before her death. Some modern writers have questioned the historical accuracy of St. Sophronios’ narrative, but there is in itself nothing impossible about such a story. In the year 1890 the Greek priest Joachim Spetsieris found a woman hermit in the desert beyond the Jordan, living almost exactly as St. Mary must have done.

On this Sunday the first Canon at Mattins is based on the story of the Rich Man and Lazarus (Luke 16:19-3 1 ): like the parable of the Good Samaritan on the previous Sunday, this is applied symbolically to the repentant Christian.

(i) The Sixth Week. During the services of this week, and to a still greater extent during Holy Week, the Triodion assumes the character of a historical narrative. Day by day we accompany Christ: we are with Him as He draws near to Jerusalem, as He reaches Bethany to raise Lazarus, as He enters the Holy City on Palm Sunday, as He approaches His Passion. The daily offices are marked by a sense of advancing movement and dramatic realism. Each day we call to mind, as exactly as possible, the things that must have occurred on the corresponding day during the last year of Christ's earthly ministry.

All this is not to be seen merely as the bare commemoration of occurrences in the distant past. On the contrary, through the liturgical celebration we relive these events, participating in them as contemporaries. We are raised from the level of secular time, as measured by the clock or calendar, to the level of ‘liturgical’ or ‘sacred’ time; we are transferred to the point where the vertical dimension of eternity breaks into linear time. This transposition of past into present, of remembrance into reality, is expressed in the liturgical texts above all through the word Today. So we sing on the Saturday of Lazarus, ‘Today Bethany proclaims beforehand the Resurrection of Christ.’ ‘Today Christ enters the Holy City,’ we affirm on Palm Sunday. ‘Today Christ comes to the house of the Pharisee,’ we state on Holy Wednesday, ‘and the sinful woman draws near and falls down at His feet. . . . Today Judas makes a covenant with the chief priests.’ ‘Today the Master of Creation stands before Pilate,’ we say on Great Friday: "... Today He who hung the earth upon the waters is hung upon the Cross.’ So also at Easter Midnight we affirm: ‘Yesterday I was buried with Thee, O Christ, and today I rise with Thine arising. Yesterday I was crucified with Thee. . . .’ We shall not understand the meaning of these last two weeks in the Triodion unless we listen to this word Today that resounds at each service. It is not a mere metaphor or an instance of poetic license, but embodies a specific spiritual experience. All that was witnessed by the crowds in Holy Week, all the words addressed to the disciples, all the sufferings undergone by Christ — these are all to be experienced here and now by me.

(3) Holy Week, (a) The Saturday of Lazarus. This day, along with Palm Sunday, occupies a special position between Lent and Holy Week. Following the forty days of penitence which have just ended, and immediately before the days of darkness and mourning which are to follow in the week of the Passion, there come two days of joy and triumph on which the Church keeps festival. The Saturday he-tore Palm Sunday celebrates the raising of Lazarus at Bethany (John 11:1-46). This miracle is performed by Christ as a reassurance to His disciples before the coming Passion: they are to understand that, though He suffers and dies, yet He is Lord and Victor over death. The resurrection of Lazarus is a prophecy in the form of an action. It foreshadows Christ's own Resurrection eight days later, and at the same time it anticipates the resurrection of all the righteous on the Last Day: Lazarus is ‘the saving first-fruits of the regeneration of the world.’

As the liturgical texts emphasize, the miracle at Bethany reveals the two natures of Christ the God-man. Christ asks where Lazarus is laid and weeps for him, and so He shows the fullness of His manhood, involving as it does human ignorance and genuine grief for a beloved friend. Then, disclosing the fullness of His divine power, Christ raises Lazarus from the dead, even though his corpse has already begun to decompose and stink. This double fullness of the Lord's divinity and His humanity is to be kept in view throughout Holy Week, and above all on Great Friday. On the Cross we see a genuinely human agony, both physical and mental, but we see more than this: we see not only suffering man but suffering God.

(b) Palm Sunday. ‘Blessed is He that comes. . .’: this is the feast of Christ the King — welcomed by the children at His entry into Jerusalem, and to be welcomed likewise by each one of us into our own heart. ‘Blessed is He that comes. . .’ — that comes not so much out of the past as out of the future: for on Palm Sunday we welcome not only the Lord who entered Jerusalem long ago, riding on a donkey, but the Lord who comes again in power and great glory, as King of the Future Age. Palms and branches are blessed after the Gospel at Mattins, and held with lighted candles during the rest of the service. Although at one time the Eastern Church — like Western Christendom up to the present — used to hold a procession on Palm Sunday, this has now fallen into disuse and there is no mention of it in the existing Triodion.

Very frequently repeated at this feast is the sticheron beginning, ‘Today the grace of the Holy Spirit has gathered us together. . . .’ It is possible to see reflected here the practice of St. Euthymios, St. Sabas and other Palestinian monks in the fifth and sixth centuries. Shortly after the Feast of Epiphany they left their monasteries to make a Lenten retreat in the wilderness, either singly or with a companion, spending the following weeks in silence and continual prayer, eating nothing but wild roots. Then, on Saturday afternoon in the sixth week of Lent, they all returned to their monasteries for the vigil service of Palm Sunday, in order to celebrate Holy Week together with their brethren. In isolated Orthodox parishes throughout the western world, something similar occurs each year. Scattered members of the parish community, living far from the church and scarcely ever able to attend the services at other times, start to appear in church at the vigil service before Palm Sunday, and as Holy Week continues their numbers steadily increase. Like the monks of ancient Palestine, we in the twentieth century can also say with truth on Palm Sunday, ‘Today the grace of the Holy Spirit has gathered us together. . . .’

(c) Holy Week: Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday. On the days following His entry to Jerusalem, Christ spoke to His disciples in particular about the signs that will precede the Last Day (Matt. 24 and 25); and so this forms the theme of the first part of Holy Week. In Western worship, on the other hand, the ‘last things’ are commemorated mainly during the pre-Christmas season of Advent. The eschatological challenge of the first three days of Holy Week is summed up in the Troparion and exapostilarion at Mattins, both of which are repeated three times to a slow and solemn melody. The Troparion, ‘Behold, the Bridegroom comes in the middle of the night. . .,’ is based on the parable of the Ten Virgins (Matt. 25:1-13); the exapostilarion, ‘I see Thy bridal chamber. . .,’ on the parable of the man cast out from the feast because he had no wedding garment (Matt. 22:11-13). Here, presented in especially urgent terms, is the call that we have heard on many occasions during Lent: the End is near at hand; be watchful; repent while there is still time.

Each of the three days has its own particular theme:

(i) On Monday we commemorate the Patriarch Joseph, whose innocent sufferings (Genesis, chapters 37 and 39-40) prefigure the Passion of Christ. Also we commemorate the barren fig tree cursed by our Lord (Matt. 21:18-20) — a symbol of the judgement that will befall those who show no fruits of repentance; a symbol, more specifically, of the unbelieving Jewish synagogue.

(ii) On Tuesday the liturgical texts refer chiefly to the parable of the Ten Virgins, which forms the general theme of these three days. They refer also to the parable of the Talents that comes immediately after it (Matt. 25:14-30). Both these are interpreted as parables of judgement.

(iii) On Wednesday we commemorate the woman that was a sinner, who anointed Christ's feet as He sat in the house of Simon. In the hymnography of the day, the account in Matthew 26:6-13 is combined with that in Luke 7:36-50 (cf. also John 12:1-8). A second theme is the agreement made by Judas with the Jewish authorities: the repentance of the sinful harlot is contrasted with the tragic fall of the chosen disciple. The Triodion makes it clear that Judas perished, not simply because he betrayed his Master, but because, having fallen into the sin of betrayal, he then refused to believe in the possibility of forgiveness: ‘In misery he lost his life, preferring a noose rather than repentance.’ If we deplore the actions of Judas, we do so not with vindictive self-righteousness but conscious always of our own guilt: ‘Deliver our souls, O Lord, from the condemnation that was his.’ In general, all the passages in the Triodion that seem to be directed against the Jews should be understood in this same way. When the Triodion denounces those who rejected Christ and delivered Him to death, we recognize that these words apply not only to others, but to ourselves: for have we not betrayed the Saviour many times in our hearts and crucified Him afresh?

On the evening of Holy Wednesday the sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick is usually celebrated in church and all are anointed, whether physically ill or not; for there is no sharp line of demarcation between bodily and spiritual sicknesses, and this sacrament confers not only bodily healing but forgiveness of sins, thus serving as a preparation for the reception of Holy Communion on the next day.

(d) Holy Thursday. On this day four events are celebrated: the washing of the disciples’ feet, the institution of the Mystery of the Holy Eucharist at the Last Supper, the agony in the garden of Gethsemane (but the liturgical texts do not dwell much on this), and the betrayal of Christ by Judas. In certain cathedrals and monasteries, there is a special ceremony of feet-washing at the conclusion of the Liturgy, with the bishop or abbot taking the part of Christ and twelve priests representing the apostles. At the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Constantinople, and at the centers of other Patriarchates and Autocephalous Churches, the Holy Chrism is blessed during the Liturgy on this day; but the rite does not take place in every year. The meaning of Holy Thursday is summed up in a text of singular beauty, repeated many times at the Liturgy, which combines the themes of eucharistic Communion, Judas’ treachery, and the confession of the Good Thief:

At Thy mystical Supper, Son of God,

Today receive me as a communicant:

For I will not speak of the mystery to Thine enemies;

I will not give Thee a kiss like Judas;

But as the thief I confess Thee:

Remember me, Lord, when Thou comest in Thy Kingdom.

(e) Great Friday. On this day we celebrate the sufferings of Christ: the mockery, the crown of thorns, the scourging, the nails, the thirst, the vinegar and gall, the cry of desolation, and all that the Saviour endured on the Cross; also the confession of the Good Thief. At the same time, the Passion is not separated from the Resurrection; even on this day of our Lord's deepest self-abasement, we look forward also to the revelation of His eternal glory:

We venerate Thy Passion, O Christ:

Show us also Thy glorious Resurrection.

The Cross and the Resurrection, as we have seen,

are aspects of a single, undivided act of salvation:

Thy Cross, O Lord, is life and resurrection. . . .

Friday Mattins are usually ‘anticipated’ and held on Thursday evening. They take a special form, with a series of twelve Gospel readings that begins with Christ's discourse at the Last Supper and ends with the account of His burial. In the Greek use there comes a ‘high point’ shortly before the sixth Gospel, when the priest carries a large Cross from the sanctuary and sets it up in the center of the church. This ceremony, which originated in the Church of Antioch, was only adopted at Constantinople as recently as 1824; it is not found in the practice of the Slav Churches. Here we find the principle of dramatic representation carried a stage further than hitherto, through the use not only of words but of visible actions.

On Friday morning, the Hours take a solemn form, as on the eves of Christmas and Theophany, with an Old Testament reading, an Epistle and a Gospel at each Hour. Vespers follow, either immediately after the Hours (normal Greek use) or in the afternoon (Slav use). At the end of Vespers, as was done earlier at Mattins in the Greek use, the events of Great Friday are represented not only through words but through dramatic actions. The Epitaphion — an oblong piece of stiffened cloth on which is painted or embroidered the figure of the dead Christ laid out for burial — is carried in procession from the sanctuary to the center of the church, and is then venerated by the faithful. There are few more moving moments in the whole of the Church's Year. The Greek and Slav Triodia say nothing about this procession with the Epitaphion at the end of Vespers, nor about the corresponding procession at the end of Mattins on Holy Saturday. It seems that the practice of carrying the Epitaphion processionally on these two occasions originated at a relatively recent period, in the fifteenth or the sixteenth century.

In present practice no Liturgy is celebrated on Great Friday — neither the complete Liturgy (except when it is the Feast of the Annunciation) nor the Liturgy of the Presanctified. But in earlier times there was a Presanctified Liturgy on this day.

(f) Holy Saturday. On this day we celebrate the burial of Christ and His descent into Hell. At Mattins, usually held on Friday evening, the service begins with the ‘Praises’ (in Greek, Enkomia) sung before the Epitaphion in the center of the church. The pre-dominant note at this service is not so much one of mourning as of watchful expectation. For the time being God observes a Sabbath rest in the tomb, but we look forward to the moment when He will rise again, bringing new life and recreating the world:

Today Thou dost keep holy the seventh day,

Which Thou hast blessed of old by resting from Thy works.

Thou bringest all things into being and Thou makest all things new,

Observing the Sabbath rest, my Saviour, and restoring Thy strength.

At the end of the service, all go with the Epitaphion around the outside of the church, singing ‘Holy God. . .,’ exactly as they would at a funeral. And yet this is not in fact a funeral procession at all. God had died on the Cross, and yet He is not dead. He who died, the Word of God, is the Life Himself, holy and immortal; and our procession through the night signifies that He is now proceeding through the darkness of Hell, announcing to Adam and to all the dead His coming Resurrection, in which they are also called to share.

In the morning and early afternoon of Holy Saturday there follow Vespers and the Liturgy of St. Basil. Originally this service began later, in the evening, and continued into the early hours of Easter Sunday morning; but now it has been moved back, and its place taken by the existing midnight service of Easter Mattins, with the Canon by St. John of Damascus, ‘This is the day of Resurrection. . .,’ followed by the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom. The more ancient vigil service, now celebrated on Saturday morning, has a strongly baptismal character, reflecting the period when this sacrament was administered on Easter night. The texts at Vespers are dominated by the three connected themes of Passover, Resurrection and baptismal initiation. Of the fifteen Old Testament readings — constituting the final stage in the teaching imparted to the catechumens before they were baptized — readings 3, 5, 6 and 10 refer directly or symbolically to the Passover; readings 4, 7, 8, 12 and 15 refer to the Resurrection; and readings 4, 6, 14 and 15 refer symbolically to Baptism. The baptismal character of the Holy Saturday office is likewise apparent in the chant sung in place of the Trisagion, ‘As many of you as were baptized into Christ. . .,’ and in the choice of Epistle reading (Rom. 6:3-11). With the verse following the Epistle, ‘Arise, O God. . .,’ the celebration of the Resurrection has already begun.

On Holy Saturday evening the people gradually reassemble in the darkened church while the Acts of the Apostles are read and then the Midnight Office is sung. As twelve o'clock approaches, the lights in the body of the church are extinguished. All wait in silence for the moment when the priest will come out from the sanctuary with the burning candle that symbolizes the light of the risen Christ. So the period of the Lenten Triodion closes in a spirit of intense and eager expectation. ‘Surely I am coming quickly,’ the Saviour says to us (Rev. 22:20), and in our hearts we make ready to reply to the risen Christ: ‘Amen. Come, Lord Jesus!’

The Vespers introduce us into Holy Great Passion Week, our journey to Pascha. In the evening of Palm Sunday, the Daily Vespers is celebrated and there are the following variations:

At "Lord, I call upon Thee..." there are six stichera, the same which were sung for the Aposticha of the Feast of Our Lord’s Entrance into Jerusalem. These are found at the Aposticha of the Great Vespers of Saturday evening. Since only three stichera are given, each sticheron should be repeated. "Glory..." the first sticheron is sung; "Both now...Amen," the last (third) sticheron is sung. The Entrance, as usual, the Royal Doors are opened at "Both now..." "Wisdom! Attend!" "Gladsome Light."

The Prokoemenon is the regular Sunday evening Tone 8: "Behold, now bless the Lord, all you servants of the Lord." Singers repeat this, and the stichos (verse) is: "Who stand in the house of the Lord, in the courts of the house of our God." The singers repeat the Prokoemenon, and, after the first half of the Prokoemenon is again said by the priest or deacon, the singers conclude it.

There is no ektenia after the Prokoemenon. The reading "Vouchsafe, O Lord..." takes place immediately following the conclusion of the Prokoemenon. The Royal Doors are closed and the lights are dimmed, or some of the candles are put out, and the clergy change to dark-hued vestments.

Three metania are prescribed, and the Ektenia, "Let us complete our evening prayer..." Music should be "lenten" beginning with this ektenia.

The Aposticha is given in the Triodion for Palm Sunday evening.

After "Now dismiss Thy servant in peace, 0 Master ..." the Trisagion, "Our Father," the Dismissal Troparia are sung and prostrations are made: "Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee..." (Lenten).

The Dismissal rubrics state that the Temple Saint and the saint(s) for the day are not mentioned in the Dismissals for Great Holy Week. The Dismissal: "O Lord, Who did come to voluntary sufferings for our salvation, Christ our True God, through the intercessions of His Immaculate Mother, and of all the saints, have mercy and save us, for’ He is good and loves mankind." The priest does not use the hand Cross, he bows to the people.

The same procedure and directions should be followed for the Small Aftersupper as they were during the previous weeks of Tessaracost. The Tri-Ode of St. Andrew of Crete, Tone 8 (Odes 1, 8, and 9), are sung twice each as well as the Troparia. After the Katabasiai of the 9th Ode, the Trisagion, etc. After "Our Father" there is one Kontakion in Tone 8 (instead of the regular Troparia): "Jacob lamented the loss of Joseph. The brave youth who sits upon the chariot, we honor as king: Because he did not enslave himself to the pleasures of Egypt, instead he was glorified by God, Who sees within the hearts of men, and sends them incorruptible crowns."

"Lord, have mercy" (40 times), and the rest according to the lenten order. The Dismissal: "May Christ our True God..."

Orthros may be celebrated on Great Monday morning rather than on Sunday evening. The beginning is the customary one for Orthros. After the Great Ektenia, "Alleluia" is sung in Tone 8; It is normally sung in traditional lenten music. The Troparion (Tone 8): "Behold, the Bridegroom comes at midnight, and blessed is the servant whom He shall find awake; but unworthy is he who is found asleep. Therefore, watch, my soul, that you not fall into sleep and be given over unto death and remain outside of The Kingdom. But get up quickly, cast away your sleep, and cry out: Holy, Holy, Holy are Thou God, through the intercessions of the Theotokos, have mercy on us."

"Glory..." the Troparion is repeated, and, "Both now...Amen," the Troparion is again repeated. The Royal Doors may be opened for the singing of the Troparion, but there is no incensing.

The Kathismata are 4, 5, and 6 and Kathisma (sedalen) after each are taken from the Triodion (Kathismata 4 consists of Psalms 24 through 31). The Kathisma sticheron after the first Kathismata, Tone 1: "On this present day the venerated Passion is revealed as a saving light: For Christ by His goodness comes to suffer. He Who holds everything in the palm of His hand consents to be suspended on a tree to save man."

"Glory...both now...Amen." The Kathisma is repeated.

The second Kathismata (Kathismata 5 consists of Psalms 32 through 36) is followed by the following sticheron (sedalen) Tone 1: "O unseen Judge, in the flesh Thou wast seen. Thou art going to be killed by lawless men to justify our condemnation by Thy Passion. Wherefore, in unison we send up praise, magnification and glory to Thy Power, O Word."

‘Glory...both now...Amen." The Kathisma sticheron is repeated.

The third Kathismata (Kathismata 6 consists of Psalms 37 through 45) is followed by the following sticheron (sedalen) Tone 8: "On this present day the beginnings of the Lord’s Passion is ushered in as a saving tight. Come, therefore, ye lovers of the feast, let us welcome it with songs: For the Creator comes to take the Cross, examination, wounds and Pilate’s judgement. By the servant He is hit upon the head, bearing all things in order to save man. For this cause let us cry out to Him: O Christ God, lover of mankind, grant forgiveness of sins to those who in faith worship Thy Immaculate Passion."

"Glory...both now...Amen." The Kathisma sticheron (sedalen) is repeated. The Royal Doors are opened in preparation for the reading of the Gospel.

The Gospel is read at the Holy Altar. Priest: "And make us worthy, 0 Master, to hear the holy Gospel, let us pray to the Lord God." "Wisdom! Attend! ... Peace be to all! ..." "The reading is from St. Matthew." The Gospel reading is Section 84 (21:13-43) without omissions ending in Section 88: "Attend. Returning into the city, Jesus was hungry...shall be given to a nation yielding the fruits thereof." Psalm 50 is read. The abridged Kanon, Tone 2, "The Three-Ode," is found in the Triodion. The refrain for the Troparia of the Kanon, to be used during Great Week, is: "Glory to Thee, our God, glory to Thee." After the Troparia the hiermos is repeated — as Katabasiai. This procedure is followed during the entire week. After the first Ode there is the Little Ektenia, and after the Ecphony, "For Thou art the King of peace..." the Kontakion: "Jacob lamented the loss of Joseph..." Before the 9th Ode there is incensing, but "More honorable than the Cherubim... /’ is not sung. After the 9th Ode, Little Ektenia, and the Exaposteilarion is sung three times: (The singer sings it in the center of the temple. The second and third times it is sung by the choirs on the right and left cleros).

"My Saviour, I behold Thy adorned chamber, and I do not possess robes in order to enter therein. Enlighten the robe of my soul, O Giver of Light, and save me."

This Exaposteilarion is sung daily and is sung for the last time at the Great Thursday Orthros. The stichologia of the Psalms of Praise is said, the stichoi (verses) may be sung if there are singers. The reader chants the Ainoi beginning with "Praise the Lord from the heavens; for to Thee praise is due, O God." Also, "Sing unto the Lord a new song..." and, the stichos (for 4 stichera), "Praise Him for His mighty acts; praise Him according to the multitude of His greatness."

The sticheron in Tone 1: "When the Lord was coming to His voluntary Passion, on the way He said to His Apostles: Behold, we go to Jerusalem and the Son of Man will be betrayed as it is written about Him. Let us also go with Him, with cleansed thoughts, and crucify our earthly desires in order to have life with Him. And to hear Him cry out: It is not only to suffer in the earthly Jerusalem that I ascend to my Father and your Father, my God and your God, and take you with me to the Jerusalem above, to the Heavenly Kingdom."

Stichos: Praise Him with the sound of trumpet, praise Him with psaltery and harp. The sticheron "When the Lord was coming..." is repeated.

Tone 5, stichos: Praise Him with timbrel and choir, praise Him with strings and organ.

The sticheron (Tone 5): Having arrived at the saving Passion of Christ God, O Faithful, let us praise His ineffable long-suffering, that by His compassion He raise us up from the death of sin, for He is good and loves mankind.

The sticheron "Having arrived at the saving Passion..." is repeated.

Tone 5, "Glory...both now...Amen."

"Lord, when coming to Thy Passion, Thou didst confirm Thy Disciples saying: How is it you do not remember the words I said to you, that no prophet is killed except in Jerusalem, as it is written? Now the time has come, as I said to you: I am betrayed into the hands of sinners to be humiliated, nailed to the Cross, placed in the tomb, and be accounted abandoned and dead. But have courage, for I will rise up. on the third day into the joy for the faithful and for life eternal."

Then the reader says: "Glory to Thee, Who has shown us the light/’ He reads the Great Doxology. This is followed by the Ektenia, "Let us complete our morning prayer unto the Lord."

The Aposticha follows in Tone 5:

"Lord, the mother of the sons of Zebedee, unable to understand the mystery of Thine ineffable dispensation, begged that Thou grant her two sons honors of a temporal kingdom. Instead, Thou didst promise Thy friends that they would drink from the cup of death, Thyself saying that Thou would drink of it first, for the purification of sins. Therefore, we cry out to Thee: O Salvation of our souls, glory to Thee."

The stichos: We are filled in the morning with Thy mercy, Lord. "Lord, Thou didst teach Thy Disciples to ponder on wisdom of perfection, and didst tell them not to imitate the Gentiles in lording over the lowly. Thou didst say, let not that be among you, My Disciples, for I became lowly of my own will. Let the first among you be the servant of all; the ruler as the ruled; and the foremost as the last. I have come to give myself as Redemption for the many who cry to me: Glory to Thee."

Tone 8, the stichos: "And let the brightness of our Lord God be upon us." "Brethren, let us be awed by the rebuke to the fig tree for lack of fruit which then dried up. Let us bring worthy fruits of repentance to Christ, Who grants us great mercy."

Tone 8, "Glory...both now...Amen." "The devil found the second Eve in the Egyptian through whose wiles he tried to seduce Joseph. But he left his outer garment and ran away from sin, not ashamed that he was naked as was the first created man before his Fall. Through his prayers, O Christ, have mercy on us."

Reader: "It is good to confess to the Lord, and to offer psalms to Thy Name, O Most High; to proclaim Thy mercy in the morning, and Thy truth every night." (twice) The Trisagion, etc., through "Our Father." After "Amen" "Standing in the temple of Thy glory, we contemplate the standing in heaven; O Theotokos, the door of heaven, open to us the door of thy mercy." "Lord, have mercy." (40 times) "Glory...both now...Amen." "More honorable than the Cherubim ..." "In the Name of the Lord, Father [or Master] bless." Priest: "Blessed is He Who is, Christ our God, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." The singers or readers: "O Heavenly King, make firm the faith, guide the nations, give peace to the world, and preserve this holy church. Grant repose to our departed fathers and brethren in the dwelling place of the righteous. Receive us in repentance and confession. For Thou art good and lovest mankind."

Priest: "O Lord and Master of my life..." (Prayer of St. Ephrem with 16 prostrations).

The First Hour is read, however, the Kathismata is not said. After "Our Father" the Kontakion "Jacob lamented the loss of Joseph..." is read. This Kontakion is read at all of the Hours.

The Dismissal: "O Lord, Who did come to voluntary sufferings for our salvation, Christ our True God..."

The Third, Sixth and Ninth Hours, The Typica, Vespers and the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts are combined into a single continuous service.

Before the start of the Third Hour the bell is struck (rung). The priest is vested in his Epitrachelion and stands on the Soleas. The Royal Doors and the Curtain are closed, in front of the Royal Doors the priest says: "Blessed is our God..." The reader: "Amen. Glory to Thee, our God, glory to Thee. O Heavenly King...Holy God... All Holy Trinity...Our Father..." After the Ecphony, "Amen" and, "Come, let us worship and fall down..." The priest makes three metania during "Come, let us worship... /’ and then goes into the Sanctuary.

The reader reads the customary three psalms, the 7th Kathismata is sung with the division into three "Glories" ("Glory to the F..."). During this time the priest vests in the Phelonion, opens the Curtain and the Royal Doors, and, preceded by the deacon and the candle-bearer, carries the Holy Gospel (priest and deacon exit through the Royal Doors) to an analogion in the center of the temple. The analogion faces the Holy Altar. After placing the Gospel upon the analogion, the priest incenses the entire temple (the deacon walks opposite the priest when going around the analogion and in front of the priest leading him about the temple) starting the incensing with the Gospel on the analogion in the center of the temple, then the Holy Altar and the Sanctuary, the Iconostasis, the singers, the people and the rest of the temple.

After the Kathismata is completed, the priest, standing in front of the Gospel (facing the Altar), recites the Troparion of the Third Hour and the two verses: "Lord, Who at the third hour didst send down upon Thine Apostles Thy Most Holy Spirit, take not the Same away from* us, O Good One, but renew us who supplicate Thee."

The singers repeat the Troparion in Tone 6 and everyone makes a prostration.

The singers repeat the Troparion and do a prostration.

The singers repeat the Troparion and do a prostration. The priest says: "Glory to the Father, and to the Son and to the Holy Spirit. The reader concludes: Both now, and ever, and unto ages of ages. Amen. O Theotokos, thou art the true vine, who didst bring forth for me the fruit of life. We supplicate thee, O Sovereign Lady, intercede together with the Apostles and all the saints, for mercy upon our souls."

The deacon (or priest if there is no deacon) says: "And make us worthy to hear the Holy Gospel, let us pray to the Lord God." This Ecphony is said only when the reading from the Gospel is from the beginning — from Chapter 1 of Matthew, Chapter 1 of Mark, Chapter 1 of Luke and Chapter 1 of John, otherwise the deacon (or priest) exclaims: "Wisdom, attend! Let us listen to the Holy Gospel. Peace be to all." After the above Ecphony the customary responses are made and the priest reads the first half of the Gospel of St. Matthew.

After the conclusion of the reading, the priest remains at the analogion — he does not go into the Sanctuary. The Royal Doors remain open, and the singers sing: "Glory to Thee, O Lord, glory to Thee." The reader: "Blessed be the Lord God, blessed be the Lord day by day. Let the God of salvation prosper us: Our Gad is the God of salvation." The Trisagion is said and after "Our Father" the reader chants the Kontakion of the Triodion (this Kontakion is chanted at all the Hours) Tone 8: "Jacob lamented the loss of Joseph. The brave youth who sits upon the chariot, we honor as king: Because he did not enslave himself to the pleasures of Egypt, instead, he was glorified by God, Who sees within the hearts of men, and sends them incorruptible crowns."

"Lord, have mercy." (forty times) ‘‘Thou who, at all times, and at every hour..." "Lord, have mercy/’ (thrice) "Glory...both now...Amen." "More honorable than the Cherubim..." After the reader says: "In the Name of the Lord, father, bless!" The priest: "Through the prayers of our Holy Fathers, O Lord, Jesus Christ, our God, have mercy on us." Then the priest reads the prayer of St. Ephraim: "O Lord and Master of my life..." with 16 prostrations and remains at the analogion. The reader: "Amen. Master, God and Father Almighty, Lord the Only-begotten Son, Jesus Christ, and Holy Spirit, One Godhead, One Power, have mercy on me, a sinner, for Thou knowest our fate, save me Thine unworthy servant, for blessed art Thou unto ages of ages. Amen."

The reader: "Come, let us worship and fall down..." (thrice) and reads the customary three psalms, and the 8th Kathismata. The priest recites the following Troparion: "Thou, who on the sixth day and in the sixth hour, hast nailed to the Cross Adam’s daring transgression in paradise, also tear up the handwriting of our sins, Christ God, and save us."

The singers repeat the Troparion in Tone 2 and everyone makes a prostration. The priest proceeds with the stichos: "O God, hear my prayer, and despise not my supplication."

The singers repeat the Troparion in Tone 2 and do a prostration. The second stichos is said: "I have called upon God, and the Lord heard me."

The singers repeat the Troparion and do a prostration. Priest: "Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit." The reader: "Both now...Amen." "Because of the multitude of our sins, we dare not ask for the Master’s mercy: But thou, O Virgin Theotokos, intercede before Him to Whom thou hast given birth, for a mother’s prayer is of great help. Despise not the prayers of sinners, O All-pure One, for He Who even agreed to suffer for us is merciful and can save us."

And, the Troparion of the Prophesy, Tone 6: "With a contrite spirit we fall down before Thee and pray Thee, the Saviour of the world: For Thou art the God of the repenting."

"Glory...both now...Amen." Repeat the Troparion of the Prophesy. Priest: "Let us attend!" The reader: The Prokoemenon in Tone 4: "When the Lord brought back the captivity of Sion."

Stichos: Then our mouth was filled with gladness.

Priest: "Wisdom!" The reader: "The reading is from the Prophesy of Ezekiel." Priest: "Let us attend!" The reader: "Now it came to pass in the thirtieth year..." (1:1-20) When the reading is completed, the priest says: "Wisdom! Let us attend!" The reader: The Prokoemenon in Tone 4: Unless the Lord build the house, they labour in vain that build it.

Stichos: Unless the Lord keep the city, he watches in vain that keeps it.

During the reading of the Paroemia, the priest and the deacon (or priest alone if there is no deacon) do a "lesser" incensing, i.e., they incense around the analogion (with the Gospel on it), the Iconostasis and the people. Following the Prokoemenon the deacon (or priest) says: "Wisdom, attend, let us hear the Holy Gospel." The priest: "Peace be to all." Following the response, etc., the second half of the Gospel of Matthew is read. After its conclusion, the singers sing: "Glory to Thee, O Lord, glory to Thee." The reader "Let Thy bounties go before us, O Lord, for we have sinned grieviously: Help us, O God our Saviour, for the glory of Thy Name. Lord, deliver us and purge away our sins, for Thy Name’s sake."

He then continues reciting the Trisagion (with prostrations), etc., and after "Our Father," the Kontakion, "Jacob lamented the loss of Joseph..." "Lord, have mercy." (forty times) "Thou who, at all times, and at every hour, both in heaven and on earth art worshipped and glorified, 0 Christ-God..." "Lord, have mercy." (thrice) "Glory...both now...Amen." "More honorable than the Cherubim..." "In the Name of the Lord, father, bless!" Priest: "God be bountiful to us, and bless us, and show us the light of Thy Countenance, and be merciful to us." Then, the Prayer of St. Ephraim with 16 prostrations. Reader: "Amen. O God and Lord of Hosts, and Creator of all things..." (Prayer of St. Basil the Great)

The reader: ‘‘Come, let us worship and fall down..." (thrice). During the reading of the psalms the incensing of the entire temple is done in the same manner as at the Third Hour. There is no Kathismata. The priest recites the Troparion: "Thou who at the ninth hour hast tasted of death in the flesh for-our sake, O Christ God, deaden the desires of our flesh and save us."

The singers repeat the Troparion in Tone 8 and everyone makes a prostration.

Priest recites the stichos: "Let my prayer come before Thee, O Lord; give me understanding according to Thy word."

The singers repeat the Troparion and all make a prostration. Priest recites the second stichos: "Let my petition come before Thy presence, O Lord; deliver me according to Thy word."

The singers repeat the Troparion and all make a prostration. Priest: "Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit." Reader: "Both now...Amen." "Thou who for our sake wast born of the Virgin, and didst endure crucifixion, O Good One, and by death overthrew death, and as God has manifested the resurrection, despise not those whom Thou hast fashioned with Thy hand; show Thy love for man, O Merciful One; accept the intercessions of the one who gave birth to Thee, the Theotokos, and save the despairing people, O Our Saviour."

The deacon (or priest): "Wisdom, attend, let us hear the Holy Gospel." Priest: "Peace be to all." Following the responses, the first half of the Gospel of Mark is read. When the reading is concluded, the priest carries the Holy Gospel into the Sanctuary and places it back upon the Altar, closes the Royal Doors and the Curtain, and takes off the Phelonion. When the singers conclude, "Glory to Thee, O Lord, glory to Thee," the reader chants: "Deliver us not up for ever, we beseech Thee, for Thy Name’s sake, and abolish not Thy covenant. Take not away Thy mercy from us, for the sake of Abraham Thy beloved, and Isaac Thy servant, and Israel Thy holy one."

The Trisagion... through "Our Father." And, the rest of the readings in the Ninth Hour. After, "In the Name of the Lord, father bless!" the priest comes to the Soleas, and exclaims: "God be bountiful to us, and bless us, and show us the light of Thy Countenance, and be merciful to us." Then the Prayer of St. Ephrem the Syrian is said with only three prostrations. The reader then says: "Amen. Master, Lord Jesus Christ, our God..." (Prayer of St. Basil the Great)

During the chanting of the Prayer ("Master, Lord Jesus Christ...") the priest and the deacon pray the "Entrance Prayers" (on the Soleas) in preparation for the Liturgy, except that the prayer "Lord, stretch forth Thy hand..." is not said.

The Curtain is opened and the singers begin the "Beatitudes" with prostrations. During the "Beatitudes" the priest vests himself for the Liturgy. In putting on each vestment, the priest makes the sign of the Cross over it, kisses it, and, except for "Let us pray to the Lord," he vests In silence. The singing is in Tone 8 (special "Lenten" melody): "In Thy Kingdom remember us, O Lord, when Thou comest into Thy Kingdom. Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven." Refrain: "Remember us, O Lord, when Thou comest into Thy Kingdom." "Blessed are those who mourn... „" "Remember us, O Lord, when Thou..." The Refrain is sung after each stichos of the Beatitudes. "Glory..." "Remember us, O Lord, when Thou..." "Both now... Amen." "Remember us, O Lord, when Thou..." One prostration is made. "Remember us, 0 Master, when Thou comest into Thy Kingdom." A second prostration is made. "Remember us, O Holy One, when Thou comest into Thy Kingdom." The third prostration is made and the reader continues: "The heavenly choir sings to Thee and says: Holy, Holy, Holy, the Lord God of Hosts, heaven and earth are full of Thy glory."

Stichos: "Draw near to him and be enlightened, and your faces shall not be ashamed. The heavenly choir sings to Thee and says: Holy, Holy, Holy, the Lord God of Hosts, heaven and earth are full of Thy glory."

Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit: The choir of the holy angels and archangels with all the heavenly powers sing to Thee and says: Holy, Holy, Holy, the Lord of Hosts, heaven and earth are full of Thy glory.

Both now and ever, and unto ages of ages. Amen. I believe in one God the Father Almighty... O God, remit, pardon and forgive our sins, whether voluntary or involuntary, whether of word or of deed, whether committed with knowledge or in ignorance, whether by day or by night, whether in mind or in thought: Forgive us all these, for Thou art good and lovest mankind.

Our Father...

After "Amen" the reader (or singers) chants the Troparion of the Triodion: "Jacob lamented the loss of Joseph..." "Lord, have mercy" forty times, "Glory... both now...Amen." "More honorable than the Cherubim..." "In the Name of the Lord, father, bless!" The priest comes out to the Soleas and says: "God be bountiful to us, and bless us, and show us the light of Thy Countenance, and be merciful to us." And, he says the Prayer of St. Ephraim the Syrian with prostrations. The reader then recites the Trisagion, All-holy Trinity...Our Father... and after "Amen." he says "Lord, have mercy" twelve times, and: "All-holy Trinity, consubstantial Power, undivided Kingdom, the Origin of all good things, be favorable to me, a sinner. Fortify me and give intelligence to my heart, and take away from me all my wickedness. Enlighten my mind, that I might glorify, sing and worship Thee and say: One is Holy, One is the Lord, Jesus Christ, to the glory of God the Father. Amen."

The deacon (or priest): "Wisdom!" The singers: "It is truly meet to bless thee, 0 Theotokos...and the Mother of our God." (Note: The singers stop at "Mother of our God.") Priest: "Most holy Theotokos, Save us." The singers: "More honorable than the Cherubim, and more glorious beyond compare than the Seraphim, who without corruption gave birth to God the Word, and art truly Theotokos: We magnify thee." Priest: "Glory to Thee, Christ God, our hope, glory to Thee." Singers: "Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit: Both now and ever, and unto ages of ages. Amen. Lord, have mercy, Lord, have mercy. Lord, have mercy. Father, bless!" The Dismissal given by the priest is: "O Lord, Who did come to voluntary sufferings for our salvation, Christ our True God, through the intercessions of His Immaculate Mother, and of all the saints, have mercy and save us, for He is good and loves mankind."

The singers: "Lord, have mercy. Lord, have mercy. Lord, have mercy."

The Royal Doors are closed, Curtain remains open, the priest and the deacon make three metania at the Altar saying, "God, cleanse me a sinner." The prayers "O Heavenly King... Glory to God in the highest... Lord open my lips..." are not said. The deacon receives blessings from the priest in silence, bows to him, and comes out to the Soleas through the North Deacon’s Door, makes three metania and prays, "God, cleanse me the sinner." At the Altar the priest makes three metania and prays, "God, cleanse me the sinner." The priest then kisses the Holy Gospel, and, waits until the deacon exclaims: "Master, bless!" The priest takes the Holy Gospel with both hands and holds it in an upright position, makes the Sign of the Cross over the Holy Antimension, as he gives the blessing: "Blessed is the Kingdom of the Father..." and, lays the Gospel back upon the Antimension. He kisses the Holy Gospel, exits through the North Deacon’s Door and prays the 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th Prayers of Light (Lychnicon — Lamplighting Prayers of Vespers) in front of the Royal Doors. The choir responds "Amen" to the priest’s blessing and the reader proceeds to chant: "Come, let us worship and fall down..." He reads Psalm 103. After the third "Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia, glory to Thee, O God," the deacon chants the Great Ektenia on the Soleas. The priest re-enters the Sanctuary after he completes the silent reading of the Prayers of Light. However, if there is no deacon, the priest remains on the Soleas and chants the Great Ektenia, and goes into the Sanctuary after the Ecphony.

During the chanting of the Kathismata, the priest makes a prostration in front of the Holy Altar, removes the Holy Gospel from the Antimension and stands it (on end) on the right side of the Altar near to or by the Tabernacle, opens the Antimension, goes to the Altar of Prothesis and brings the Discarion back to the Altar, and, places it upon the opened Antimension. With great awe the priest takes the Presanctified Lamb from the Artophorion, places it upon the Discarion and makes a prostration.

During the chanting of the second Kathismata the priest incenses the Holy Lamb upon the Altar by going around the Holy Altar incensing all four sides, circling it three times. If there is a deacon, both priest and deacon, before beginning the incensing, make three prostrations in front of the Altar (if no deacon, the priest still makes three prostrations), the deacon with a candle in his left hand positions himself opposite the priest (on the other side of the Altar) and as the priest incenses each side of the Altar and bows to the Altar, the deacon also bows to the Altar (actually facing the priest), going around the Altar three times.

During the reading of the third Kathismata (also called "antiphon"), the priest and all those in the Sanctuary make three prostrations toward the Holy Lamb. The priest places the Discarion with the Holy Lamb upon his head, circles the Altar (going to his right) and goes to the Altar of Prothesis. The deacon walks backwards — facing the priest as he moves — incenses the Holy Gifts and carries a candle in his left hand. If there is no deacon, servers may carry the candles and the incenser, but the server will not swing the incenser, however, he (they) will walk backwards facing the priest. When the Discarion with the Holy Lamb is placed upon the Altar of Prothesis, the priest pours wine and water into the Chalice, incenses the Star and places it upon the Discarion, incenses the Covers, the Aer and places them upon the Discarion and the Chalice. During each sacerdotal action the priest quietly says: "Let us pray to the Lord. Lord, have mercy." (No other prayers are said!) After incensing the Prothesis, everyone in the Sanctuary makes a prostration toward the Holy Lamb on the Prothesis, and a lighted candle is placed in front of the Altar of Prothesis.

The deacon returns to the Soleas to say the ektenia and the priest returns to the Holy Altar, folds the Antimension and places the Gospel upon it (If there is no deacon the priest says the Little Ektenias at the Altar rather than upon the Soleas).

After the Ecphony, "For Thou art our God, and unto Thee we send up. the choir sings "Lord, I call upon Thee..." in Tone 1. Ten stichera are sung beginning with: "When the Lord was going to His voluntary Passion..." "Glory...Both now... Amen." (Tone 8) "Finding the Egyptian woman another Eve..." The incensing of the entire temple takes place during "Lord, I call..." and the stichera. The Royal Doors are opened when "Glory...Both now...Amen.," is sung. The Little Entrance takes place with the Gospel. "Wisdom. Attend!" Singers: "Gladsome Light..." The priest (and deacon) after placing the Gospel upon the Altar, kiss the Altar, and go to the "High Place" back of the Altar (as at regular Vespers or during the Liturgy), make a metania and turn to face the people.

Deacon (or priest): "Let us attend!" Priest: "Peace be to all!" Reader: "And to thy spirit." Deacon (or priest): "Wisdom!" Reader: "The Prokoemenon in Tone 6: The Lord bless you from Zion, may you see the prosperity of Jerusalem." The singers repeat the Prokoemenon in Tone 6. Reader (stichos): "Blessed are all who fear the Lord, who walk in His ways." The singers repeat the Prokoemenon. Reader: "The Lord bless you from Zion:" The singers: "May you see the prosperity of Jerusalem." Deacon (or priest): "Wisdom!" Reader: "The reading is from Exodus." Deacon (or priest): "Let us attend!" The Royal Doors are closed — Curtain remains open. Reader: "These are the names of the children of Israel..." (Ex. 1:1-20)

At the conclusion of the reading the Royal Doors are opened, the deacon says, "Let us attend!" The reader: "The Prokoemenon in Tone 6: We bless you in the Name of the Lord." The singers repeat the Prokoemenon — all as given above. The stichos: "Often they have fought me from my youth." Following the conclusion of the reading and the singing of the Prokoemenon, everyone in the temple goes down to his knees, the deacon exclaims: "Command!" (if there is no deacon, the priest does not say "Command.") The priest holds a candle and the incenser (with both hands) — he uses the candle that was placed in front of the Holy Altar when the Holy Lamb was placed upon the Discarion and later removed and placed at the Altar of Prothesis — and raising them high, while facing the Altar, says: "Wisdom! Let us be attentive!" turns toward the people who now prostrate themselves, and-continues: "The Light of Christ illumines everyone!" The priest blesses the people with the candle and the incenser as he recites the words: "The Light of Christ..."

The priest turns toward the Altar, hands the incenser and the candle to the servers (deacon is a server), and, if there is no deacon says: "Let us attend!" The Royal Doors are closed. The reader says: "The reading is from Job." {"Wisdom" is not said here) Reader: "There was a man in the land of Hus, whose name was Job..." (Job 1:1-12). The priest goes to stand at the "High Place."

When the Paroemia is concluded, the priest says, "Peace be to you!" The Royal Doors are opened. The deacon: "Wisdom!" The reader takes his place in front of the Royal Doors on the Ambon, and sings the selected verses from Psalm 140: "Let my prayer arise in Thy sight as incense; and let the lifting up of my hands be an evening sacrifice." The choir (or singers), get up from their kneeling position, repeat "Let my prayers arise..." When the Royal Doors are opened, all the people kneel and remain kneeling during the singing of all the four stichoi with the "refrains." When the singers repeat "Let my prayer..." the reader kneels, but stands to sing the next stichos: "Lord, I have cried to Thee, hear me; hear the voice of my prayer, when I cry to Thee." (The singers kneel when the reader sings, and stand when they sing; the reader kneels when the singers sing, and stands when he sings. The people kneel all the time).

The singers repeat, "Let my prayer..."

Reader: "Set a watch, O Lord, before my mouth, and a door round about my lips." The singers: "Let my prayer..."

Reader: "Incline not my heart to evil words, to make excuses for sins." The singers: "Let my prayer..."

Reader: "Let my prayer arise in Thy sight as incense." The singers conclude: "And let the lifting up of my hands be an evening sacrifice."

During the singing of the above, the priest stands at the Holy Altar and does a continuous incensing (symbolic of the rising fervent prayer to God). After the singing of the stichos, "Incline not my heart..." during the "Let my prayer..." the priest goes to the Altar of Prothesis, incenses the Prothesis three times, gives the incenser to the server, makes a prostration, comes back to the Holy Altar, and prostrates himself before it (in case the priest is the "singer" for the stichoi, he does not kneel). The last stichos is sung by the singer as follows: "Let my prayer arise in Thy sight as incense." If a church is fortunate to have an ample supply of singers, in place of one singer a "trio" may be utilized. They stand at the foot of the Ambon rather than on the Ambon. All the people rise at this time, and, the singers conclude the stichos: "And let the lifting up of my hands be an evening sacrifice."

Three prostrations are made as the priest recites the Prayer of St. Ephrem. The priest is at the Altar for the prostrations, not on the Soleas. This concludes the Vespers.

The priest hands the Holy Gospel to the deacon, who exits through the Royal Doors to the Soleas, and reads the Gospel (facing the Altar) which is placed upon an analogion. The priest turns toward the people and says: "Wisdom, attend, let us listen to the Holy Gospel. Peace be to all." "And to thy spirit." "The lesson from the Holy Gospel is according to Matthew/’ "Glory to Thee. O Lord, glory to Thee." The Gospel is Section 98 (24:3-35): "At that time, Jesus was sitting on mount Olivet..." and, ending with the words: ." ...but my words shall not pass." If there is no deacon, the priest reads the Gospel on the Altar, or, if there is a bishop’s directive, he may read it facing the people.

After the reading of the Gospel is concluded, the Royal Doors are closed. The priest kisses the Gospel and places it in an upright position (as at the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom) in front of the Tabernacle — not to the left or the right side of it. If there is a deacon, he comes out of the Sanctuary and stands in front of the Royal Doors on the Soleas to say the Ektenia of Fervent Supplication. If there is no deacon, the priest chants the Ektenia at the Altar with the Royal Doors remaining closed. After the Ecphony, "Through the Gift of Thy Christ..." the Royal Doors are opened. The deacon incenses the front of the Holy Altar (three times), the Altar of Prothesis (three times), and the chief celebrant — reciting Psalm 50. If the priest is alone, he incenses the Holy Altar, the Prothesis, also reciting Psalm 50. The singers: "Now the Powers of Heaven invisibly..."

The Great Entrance is done in silence. If there is a deacon assisting, the priest, after incensing the Holy Gifts, places the Aer on the deacon’s shoulder, and gives him the incenser, which he carries, walking backwards and incensing the Holy Gifts as the priest carries them. The priest takes the Discarion with his right hand, and holds it high, if possible, above his head. The Chalice is carried with the left hand. Nothing is said during this procession. All the people must prostrate themselves. When the priest is about to place the Discarion upon the Altar, he says in a semi-audible voice: "Let us with faith and love draw near." The singers sing the last part of "in place of" the Cherubimic Hymn: "Let us with faith and love draw near and become communicants of life eternal. Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia." The Discarion and the Chalice are placed in their normal positions on the Altar, first the Chalice is placed, then the Discarion is carefully lifted off the head with both hands and-is set on the Altar. The incensing of the Aer, covering the Chalice and Discarion, and the incensing of the Holy Gifts is done in the customary manner as at the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom. However, no prayers are recited during these actions. After the singers conclude "Let us with faith..." three prostrations are made as the priest audibly recites the Prayer of St. Ephrem. The Royal Doors are closed and the Curtain is closed half way. The rest is the usual Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts.

The customary beginning is used. The complete order for this is the same as that indicated for the first week of Tessaracost. The regular prostrations and metania and troparia are indicated. After the Doxology, the Triode, Tone 8, is sung — Odes 2, 8 and 9, works of St. Andrew of Crete. Each of the heirmi is sung two times and the repeating of it is the Katabasia. After the Katabasia of the 9th Ode, one prostration, the Trisagion, etc., after "Our Father," the Kontakion from the Triodion, Tone 2: "Wretched soul, think of the last hour, and fear the rebuke to the fig tree: Labour with love on the talent given you, awaken and call out: Let us not be left outside the Chamber of Christ."

Following the Kontakion, "Lord of Hosts, be with us, for besides Thee we have no other helper in adversity. Lord of Hosts, have mercy on us..." and, the rest. At the Dismissal, before the general asking of forgiveness, the following prayer is said: "O Master great in mercy, Lord Jesus Christ our God, through the prayers of our All-immaculate Lady Theotokos and ever-Virgin Mary..."

Notes:

Should the Feast day of the Temple coincide with Great Monday, Great Tuesday, Great Wednesday or Great Thursday of Passion Week, the celebration of the Templar Feast is transferred to Palm Sunday. If it should coincide with Great Friday, Great Saturday or Pascha (first day), the celebration is transferred to Paschal Monday.

The days of Passion Week are most holy in commemorating the suffering of Our Lord and God and Saviour Jesus Christ. Therefore, Holy Church prescribes that there be no officiating of the Parastasis or Pannychis, or of a Moleben, at any shrine or any place in the temple during this time.

Those who have the honor of wearing the skouphos or the kamilaukion observe the following regulations during the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts: a) The skouphos or the kamilaukion (the mitre is not worn at this time, mitred archpriests don the kamilaukion) is removed before kissing the icons during the Entrance Prayers. b)Following the complete vesting, the skouphos, the kamilaukion or the mitre is put on. c) They are removed from the heads before the Holy Lamb is transferred from the Altar to the Prothesis. d) After coming back to the Altar, the skouphos or the kamilaukion or the mitre is put on and is worn until the singing of "Let my prayer arise..." when it is removed from the head, e) It is put on at the beginning of the Ektenia of Fervent Supplication, f) Head coverings are removed at the prayer before the singing of "Now the Powers of Heaven invisibly..." and are put on again after the reading of the Prayer Before the Ambon.

Should the Presanctified not be scheduled, the following order is observed: At "Lord, I call upon Thee..." six stichera are sung. The first sticheron in Tone 1 is sung twice: "When the Lord was going to His voluntary Passion, He said to His Disciples on the way, "Behold, we go to Jerusalem, where the Son of Man shall be delivered, as it is written." Come, therefore, let us accompany Him with minds purified from the pleasures of life. Let us be crucified and die with Him, in order that we may live with Him and hear Him say: "Now I go not to the earthly Jerusalem to suffer, but to my Father and your Father, to my God and your God. t will raise you to the higher Jerusalem, into the Kingdom of Heaven."

The second sticheron in Tone 5 is sung twice:"We have now come near. Faithful, to the Saving Passion of Christ God. Let us glorify His ineffable forebearance, so that by His compassion. He may raise us up, who were dead. For He is Good, and loves mankind."

The next sticheron in Tone 5 is sung twice: "The ineffable mystery of Thy Dispensation, O Lord, was incomprehensible to the mother of Zebedee's children, and she asked for the honor of a temporal kingdom for her sons. Instead, Thou didst promise to Thy friends that they too should drink of the cup of death. Thou didst say, that Thou would drink this cup for them for the cleansing of sins. Therefore, we cry out to Thee: O Salvation of our souls, glory to Thee."

Glory...Both now...Amen." (Tone 5) "While going to Thy Passion, O Lord, Thou didst reassure Thy Disciples, saying: "How is it that you do not remember the words that I have spoken to you? That in the Prophets all things are not written, but that I, in Jerusalem, must be put to death. Now is the time of which I told you. Now I turn myself over to the hands of sinners to be mocked, so that they may raise me upon the Cross, burying me as a dead man enduring corruption. Then, take courage, for on the third day I will rise for the joy of the faithful, and for life everlasting."

The Entrance takes place with the Holy Gospel "Gladsome Light..." is sung, the Prokoemena, and the Paroemia and the Gospel are read. "Vouchsafe, O Lord, to keep us this night..." is chanted, and the Ektenia: "Let us complete our evening prayer unto the Lord..."At the Aposticha, the sticheron in Tone 5: "When Thou wast giving Thy last instruction to Thy Disciples, Lord, Thou didst teach them that they would not be like the Gentiles, and exercise dominion over the weak. It shall not be so with you, Disciples, since I desire poverty. Let the first among you be the servant of all. And he that rules shall be like those he rules. And he that is first shall be the last. Truly, I have come to Adam in his need, to serve, and to give my soul as ransom for many, who sing: Glory to Thee."

The stichos: "To Thee I lift up my eyes, O Thou Who dwellest in heaven. As the eyes of slaves are on the hands of their lords, as the eyes of a maid are on the hands of her mistress, so our eyes are on the Lord our God till He has compassion on us."

The sticheron, "When Thou wast..." is repeated. The stichos: "Have mercy on us, O Lord, have mercy on us; for we have had our fill of humiliation. Our soul is more than full, we are a reproach to the rich, and contempt to the proud."

The sticheron in Tone 8: "The fig tree was withered because of its barrenness. Brethren, let us shun a like sentence, and bring to Christ fruits worthy of repentance, for He grants us great mercy."

"Glory...Both now...Amen." Tone 8: "Finding the Egyptian woman another Eve, the tempter tried by flattery to cause Joseph to fall. But Joseph left his garment and fled from sin. And nakedness did not cause him to shame, even as to Adam before the Fall. Through his prayers, O Christ, have mercy on us."

"Now dismiss Thy servant in peace..." and the rest of Vespers, with prostrations. Following the last Trisagion, "Our Father..." "Lord, have mercy" twelve times, and the prayer, "All-holy Trinity..." and, "Blessed be the Name of the Lord from henceforth and forever."" Dismissal.

The outline which is given for the services of Great Monday is followed also on Great Tuesday and Great Wednesday. The changes are given below.

The three Kathismata are the 9th, 10th and 11th. Kathismata Nine consists of Psalms 64—69; Ten consists of Psalms 70-76; and Eleven consists of Psalms 77-84 (The numbering of the Psalms is given in Orthodox numeration rather than in the King James version).

The Gospel reading is from Section 90 and ends in Section 96 (Matthew 22:15 through 23:39): "At that time: All the Pharisees consulted among themselves..." concluding with, "Blessed is He that cometh in the Name of the Lord." The Duode (Two-Ode) is given for Tuesday in the Triodion.

At the Third Hour, the balance of the Gospel from St. Mark is concluded — first half of the Gospel of Mark was read on Monday. At the Sixth and the Ninth Hours, read two-thirds of St. Luke.

Kathismata Twelve is chanted at the Third Hour. It consists of Psalms 85—90; at the Sixth Hour the Kathismata is Thirteen, consisting of Psalms 91 — 100. No Kathismata is ordered for the Ninth Hour.

At the Sixth Hour the Troparion of the Prophesy is in Tone 6: "Generously forgive those who sin without end, O Saviour, and permit us, without condemnation, to worship Thy Holy Resurrection: Through the prayers of Thy Immaculate Mother, Thou of Great Mercy."

The Prokoemenon, in Tone 6: "Because with the Lord there is mercy; and with Him plentiful redemption. The stichos: Out of the depths I cry to Thee, O Lord: Lord, hear my voice."

The Paroemia is from the Prophesy of Ezechiel, chapter 1, verses 21 through 28 and chapter 2, verse 1. The Prokoemenon after the Paroemia is in Tone 4: "Let Israel hope in the Lord, from henceforth and forever."

The stichos: Lord, my heart is not exalted, nor are my eyes lofty.

At "Lord, I call upon Thee..." ten stichera are ordered. The, stichos for ten stichera: "Bring my soul out of prison, that I may confess Thy Name."

The sticheron in Tone 1: "How can I, unworthy, enter into the radiance of Thy Sanctuary? If I dare to enter the Bridal Chamber, my garments betray me, for they are not wedding clothes. I shall be bound and cast out by the angels. Lord, cleanse the filth from my soul, and save me, O Lover of mankind."

Stichos: "The righteous are waiting for me, until Thou reward me."

Repeat the sticheron.

Stichos: "Out of the depths I cry to Thee, O Lord: Lord, hear my voice."

The sticheron in Tone 2: "Christ the Bridegroom, I let my soul slumber in laziness, I have no torch aflame with virtue, and like the foolish virgins, I relax when it is time for work. But do not close Thy compassionate heart to me. Rouse me and shake off my heavy sleep, O Master. Lead me into the Bridal Chamber with the wise virgins, where the voice of those that feast unceasingly is heard singing: Lord, glory to Thee."

Stichos: "Let Thine ears be attentive to the voice of my supplications."

Repeat the sticheron.

Stichos: "If Thou, Lord, should mark iniquities, Lord, who could stand? But with Thee there is forgiveness."

The sticheron in Tone 4: "Soul, you have heard the condemnation of the man who hid his talent: Therefore, do not hide the Word of God; proclaim His Miracles, increase the gift of Grace, and enter into the joy of your Lord."

Stichos: "For Thy Name’s sake I have waited for Thee, Lord, my soul waits for Thy word, my soul hopes for the Lord. Repeat the sticheron.

Stichos: From the morning watch until night, from the morning watch, let Israel hope in the Lord."

The sticheron in Tone 6: "Come Faithful, let us work zealously for the Master, for He distributes His wealth to His servants. Let each of us, according to his ability, increase the talent of Grace. Let one grow in wisdom through good works; let another enlighten the ignorant that they may communicate in the word; let others distribute the wealth to the poor; for thus we increase that which is entrusted to us. As faithful stewards of grace we shall be accounted worthy of the Master’s joy. of this make us worthy, Christ God, as the Lover of man.

Repeat the sticheron.

Stichos: "Praise the Lord, all nations; praise Him, all peoples."

The sticheron in Tone 6: "When Thou shalt come in glory with the angelic hosts, Jesus, and shalt sit upon the throne of judgement, drive me not away, Good Shepherd. Thou hast the love of those on Thy right side, but those on the left have gone astray. Do not let me, the sinner, perish, but number me in Thy faithful flock on Thy right hand, and save me, Thou Lover of mankind."

Stichos: "For His mercy is confirmed on us, and the truth of the Lord endures forever."

The sticheron in Tone 6: "Exceeding all men in beauty, O Bridegroom, Thou hast called us to the Spiritual Banquet of Thy Bridal Chamber. By participating in Thy sufferings, let the absurd rainment of my sins be removed. Adorn me with the glorious robe of Thy beauty. Make me a radiant guest in Thy Kingdom, Thou Who art merciful."

"Glory...Both now...Amen." Tone 7: "The Master has entrusted you with a talent, my soul. Receive this gift with awe. Lend to him who gave, and distribute to the poor. Acquire for yourself your Lord as the friend, so that when He shall come in glory, you may stand on His right hand and hear His blessed voice: My servant, enter into the joy of your Lord. Make me, who have gone astray, worthy of this by Thy great mercy, O Saviour."

After the procession with the Gospel, "Gladsome Light..." and, the Prokoemenon in Tone 6: "Arise, O Lord, into Thy resting place; Thou and the Ark which Thou hast sanctified. Stichos: Lord, remember David, and all his meekness."

The Paroemia is from Exodus, 2:5-10. The second Prokoemenon is in Tone 4: "Behold, how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to live together in unity. Stichos: Like the precious ointment on the head, that ran down upon the beard, the beard of Aaron."

The second Paroemia is from Job, 1:13-22. The Gospel lection begins as Section 102 from St. Matthew (24:36-26:2).

Great Aftersupper. The Kontakion from the Triodion before "Lord of Hosts, be with us..." is in Tone 4: "I have sinned against Thee, O Good One, more than the adulterous woman, Having not poured out a flood of tears, I do fall down before Thee, Saviour, and silently pray: Deliver me from my impure deeds."

The three Kathismata are the 14th, 15th and 16th. Kathismata Fourteen consists of Psalms 101-104; Fifteen consists of Psalms 105-108; and, Sixteen consists of Psalms 109-117.

The Gospel reading starts in John, Mid-Section 41 and ends in Section 43 (John 12:17-50).

The Kathismata at the Third Hour is the nineteenth, which consists of Psalms 134-142. The balance of the Gospel of St. Luke is to be read at the Third Hour.

The Kathismata at the Sixth Hour is the twentieth, which consists of Psalms 143-150. There is no Kathismata at the Ninth Hour. The Troparion of the Prophesy is in Tone 8: "Today the evil council gathers to fabricate falsely against Thee. Today Judas, by his agreement, betrothed himself to death. Caiphas unwillingly confesses that Thou art willingly taking upon Thyself suffering as one for many. Our Redeemer, Christ God, glory to Thee."

The Prokoemenon, in Tone 4: "May the Lord out of Zion bless you, He that made heaven and earth. Stichos: Behold now, bless the Lord, all ye servants of the Lord."

The Paroemia is from the Prophesy of Ezechiel, chapter 2, verses 3 through 10, chapter 3, verses 1 through 3; beginning with, "The Lord said to me: Son of man, I send thee to the children of Israel..." and concluding with, ." ...and it was sweet as honey in my mouth."

The Prokoemenon after the Paroemia is in Tone 6: "You that fear the Lord, bless the Lord. Stichos: Praise ye the Name of the Lord, O you His servants, praise the Lord."

The Gospel is read at the Sixth Hour and at the Ninth Hour from St. John divided about equally and concluding with the words, "Now is the Son of man glorified; and God is glorified in him." (John 13:31)

Following the Kontakion of the Triodion, in temples dedicated to a Lord’s Feast or to a Saint: a) "Glory..." "With the Saints give rest, O Christ..." "Both now... Amen." "0 Protection of Christians unashamed, mediation with the Creator..." b) In temples dedicated to the Theotokos: "Glory..." "With the Saints give rest..." "Both now...Amen," the Kontakion of the Temple.

In place of the Dismissal, the priest reads the prayer "Master, great..." while everyone prostrates themselves.

"Master, great in mercy, Lord Jesus Christ our God: Through the prayers of our Immaculate Lady Theotokos and Ever Virgin Mary; Through the might of the precious and Life-creating Cross; through the prayers of the venerable Bodiless Powers of Heaven; of the venerable, glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, John; of the holy, glorious and all-laudable Apostles; of the holy, glorious and gloriously triumphant Martyrs; of our venerable and God-bearing Fathers; of the holy and righteous Theopatores Joachim and Anna; and of all Thy Saints: Make our prayer acceptable. Grant us remission of our sins. Hide us under the shelter of Thy wings. Drive away from us every foe and adversary. Make our life peaceful. Lord, have mercy on us and upon Thy world, and save our souls, for Thou art Good and lovest mankind." (During the prayer all "fall on their face to the ground" and pray).

At "Lord, I call upon Thee..." ten stichera are ordered. "Bring my soul out of prison..." The sticheron in Tone 1: "When the harlot knew Thee as God, the Son of the Virgin, she cried: I have committed acts’ worthy of tears and rightly despised, loose my debt as I have loosed my hair; love her who loves Thee; and as the companion of Publicans I proclaim Thee: The Benefactor and lover of man."

"The righteous are waiting..." Tone 1: "The harlot mixed the costly myrrh with her tears. She poured it upon Thy immaculate feet and kissed them. Thou didst forgive her. Grant us forgiveness also, Thou Who suffered for us, and save us."

"Out of the depths I cry..." Tone 1: "While the harlot poured the myrrh, the Disciple schemed with lawless men. She rejoiced in pouring costly myrrh; whereas he hurried to sell the Priceless One. She recognized the Master, but he left his company. She was set free, but Judas became a slave to the enemy. How cruel his apathy, and how great her repentance! Grant us repentance, O Saviour Who suffered for us, and save us."

"Let Thine ears be attentive..." Tone 1: "Oh, the wretchedness of Judas! Seeing the harlot kissing Christ’s footsteps, he deceitfully contemplated the kiss of betrayal. She loosed her hair, but he unleashed his wrath. Instead of myrrh, he offered his rotten wickedness. Envy does not know how to honor what is valuable. Oh the wretchedness of Judas! God, from it deliver our souls."

"If Thou, Lord, should mark iniquities..." Tone 2: "The sinful woman hurried to buy the costly myrrh and anoint the Saviour. She cried: Sell me some so that even I may anoint the One Who has cleansed all my sins."

"For Thy Name’s sake I have waited..." Tone 6: "The harlot, steeped in sin, found Thee a haven of salvation. She poured myrrh mixed with tears and cried: Look upon me. Master Who accepts the repentance of sinners, and save me, from the tempest of sin, by Thy great mercy."

"From the morning watch until night..." Tone 6: "Today Christ comes to the house of the Pharisee, and the harlot sits at His feet crying: Look at me, who is steeped in sin, and in despair because of my evil deeds, yet not rejected by Thy goodness. Grant forgiveness even to me, Lord, and save me."

"For with the Lord there is mercy..." Tone 6: "The harlot stretched her hair to Thee, O Master, but Judas stretched his hand to the lawless men: She, in order to receive forgiveness; he, in order to receive silver. Therefore, we cry to Thee Who wast sold, yet didst set us free: Lord, glory to Thee."

"Praise the Lord all ye nations..." Tone 6: "The filthy and defiled woman came near to Thee, O Saviour, pouring tears upon Thy feet, thus proclaiming Thy Passion: How can I look at Thee, O Master? Because Thou hast come to save the harlot, raise me, who is dead in sin, as Thou didst raise Lazarus, after he was in the tomb four days: Lord, receive me, wretched, and save me."

"For His mercy is confirmed on us..." Tone 6: "The woman was in despair for her life, and her evil charms were known, yet, she brought costly myrrh and cried to Thee: Do not forsake me, even though I am a harlot. Do not turn away from my tears, O Son of The Virgin! Receive me in repentance, O joy of angels, for Thou didst not cast me, a sinner, aside by Thy great mercy."

"Glory...Both now...Amen." Tone 8: "Lord, the woman who had fallen into many sins perceived Thy Divinity, and she received the dignity of a myrrh-bearer. She wailed at Thy feet, bringing myrrh before Thy burial, and said: Woe is me! For the love of sin and adultery makes my every night dark and without light. Accept my fountain of tears in the manner as the clouds send oceans of water. Incline Thyself to the sighing of my heart, as Thou didst incline the heavens to Thee. I will kiss Thy immaculate feet and again wipe them with the hair of my head, which, in the afternoon, made noise in Paradise so that Eve heard and hid in fright. Who can measure my many sins? Yet, who can measure the love in Thy judgements? Do not turn away from me, Thy servant, Most-merciful Saviour."

After the procession with the Gospel, "Gladsome Light..." and, the Prokoemenon in Tone 4: "Confess to the God of heaven, for His mercy endures forever."

The Paroemia is from Exodus, 2:11-22. The second Prokoemenon is in Tone 4: "Thy mercy, Lord, endures forever, despise not the works of Thy hands. Stichos: I will praise Thee, Lord, with my whole heart, and will sing praise to Thee, in the sight of the angels."

The second Paroemia is from Job, 2:1-10. The Gospel lection is from Matthew, Section 108 (26:6-16). After "Blessed be the Name of the Lord from henceforth and forever," three prostrations and the Prayer of St. Ephrem. This concludes the use of the Prayer of St. Ephrem and prostrations.

The Little Aftersupper is said.

It is customary to celebrate the Mystery of Holy Unction (Oil) on Great Wednesday evening, if it is to be a "public" participation.

Since Holy Unction is a Holy Sacrament of the Church, only members of the Holy Orthodox Catholic Church of Christ may receive this Great Mysterion. The faithful should be prepared through the Mystery of Penance to receive Holy Unction and actually participate in Holy Communion on the following day, or, if it is not possible for the receiving of Holy Communion on Great Thursday, the pastor will use his priestly disgression in giving counsel.

The Office of Unction is sung in the center of the temple. A small table shall be prepared in the nave, upon which shall be set a vessel with pure olive oil, and another with pure red wine. Several wands for anointing, candles, and containers are also to be readied on the table. An analogion is placed next to the table on which are placed the Holy Gospel and the hand Cross.

The priest(s) is (are) vested in the Rason, Epitrachelion, Epimanika and Phelonion. The Royal Doors are opened for the Mysterion. During the reading of Psalm 50, the priest incenses the entire temple and candles or tapers are distributed for the faithful to hold during the remainder of the service. The entire Office is celebrated at the table and analogion.

The "Prayer of the Gospel" is read facing the people. The Holy Gospel is opened, turned with the writing down, over the heads of those who wish to come near with their heads bowed, preferably in a kneeling position, for everyone in the temple also kneels. If several priests concelebrate, all together hold open the Gospel, and while the chief celebrant reads the prayer, the remainder of the priests repeat the prayer silently.

The priest mixes the Holy Oil and the wine with a spoon and pours it into small containers, as many as there be priests. The faithful approach to be anointed, first, by kissing the Gospel and the Cross on the analogion. The priest shall anoint in the form of a cross on the forehead and the palms of the hands saying to each person: "The blessing of our Lord God and Saviour Jesus Christ: For the healing of the soul and body of the servant of God, name, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages. Amen." If there be several priests, they each participate in the anointing, one anointing the forehead, another the palms, another the eyes, chest, etc.

Warm water and paper towels should be provided in order that the faithful may blot the Holy Oil on their foreheads and palms before leaving the church. The Holy Oil which remains may be distributed to the faithful who shall anoint the walls of their dwellings and preserve it in case of illness; or let it be poured into the Sanctuary Lamp from which oil is taken to anoint the remains of the deceased bodies of the faithful at their burial.

The beginning is customary. The "Alleluia/’ in Tone 8, and the Troparion: "When the glorious disciples, were illumined by the washing at the supper, then the impious Judas, darkened with love of silver, to the unjust judges, he betrays Thee — the Just Judge. Behold, the lover of wealth for he hanged himself for it! Flee from the insatiable soul which dared such things against the Master. O Lord, Who art good above all men, glory to Thee." (thrice)

There is no Kathismata. After the conclusion of the singing of the Troparion the Royal Doors are opened, and the deacon intones: "And that we may be accounted worthy to hear the Holy Gospel, let us pray to the Lord God," etc. The Gospel reading is from St. Luke, (Sec. 108 from the middle, 22:1-39) ending with the words: "And His Disciples also followed Him." The reader chants Psalm 50. There is no prayer by the priest "O God, save Thy people..." but the Kanon is immediately sung in Tone 6; "The Red Sea was cleft by the rod..." Each Ode is repeated after the three troparia have been chanted with the refrain: "Glory to Thee, our God, glory to Thee." After the third Ode (Katabasiai is the Ode itself), the Little Ektenia and the Kathisma (sedalen, Tone 1): ‘Thou has created the lakes and the springs and the seas..." "Glory..." (Tone 3) "Becoming humble for the sake of mercy..." "Both now... Amen." (Tone 4) "Partaking with Thy Disciples, O Lord, Thou has mystically revealed Thy All-holy sacrifice, through it we are preserved from corruption, honoring Thy venerable Passions."

After the 6th Ode, Little Ektenia, and the Kontakion in Tone 2: "Judas the traitor accepted bread into his hands, slyly outstretching them, and accepted the price of Him Who with His own hands created man, and remained uncorrected, a slave and reprobate."

Also, the Ikos is sung.

"More honorable..." is not sung, however, the Ode (heirmos) "Come, Faithful, let us enjoy the Master’s hospitality, and the Banquet of immortality..."

After the 9th Ode, Little Ektenia and the Exaposteilarion: "My Saviour, I behold Thy adorned chamber, and I do not possess robes in order to enter therein: Enlighten the robe of my soul, O Giver of Light; and save me." (thrice)

The four Stichera of Praises, "Glory...both now," stichera also in Tone 2. The reader reads: "Glory to Thee Who has shown us the light," and he reads the Everyday (Daily) Doxology. The Ektenia of Askings. The Aposticha. The reader: "It is good to confess to the Lord, and to offer psalms to Thy Name, O Most High; to proclaim Thy mercy in the morning, and Thy truth every night." The Trisagion, and, after "Our Father," the Troparion: "When the glorious disciples..." The Ektenia of Fervent Supplication (sugubaya). After the Ecphony, "Wisdom!" "Father, bless." "Blessed is He Who is, Christ our God..." "Amen." "Make firm, O God, the Holy Orthodox..." and, the First Hour.

At the First Hour: the Troparion, "When the glorious disciples..." (for "Glory..."), "Both now...Amen," the Theotokion of the First Hour, "What name shall we give to thee, O full of grace? ." Then, the Troparion of the prophesy (Tone 3), "Lord, Who was smitten for the sake of mankind, and was not filled with anger, deliver our lives from corruption, and save us." ("Glory, .both now...Amen." Repeat "Lord, Who was...") The first Prokoemenon is in Tone 1: "Let them know, that the Lord is Thy name." Verse: "O God, who shall be like to Thee?" The parable (prophesy) readings (si - Paramea) is taken from Jeremias 11:18-23, 12:1-5, 9-11, 14-15. The second Prokoemenon is in Tone 8: "Pray ye, and render thanks unto the Lord, bur God."

The verse: "In Judea God is known, His name is great in Israel." (This prokoemenon is said immediately after the reading). "Direct my steps..." "Let my mouth be filled with Thy praise..." (not sung), and, after the Trisagion and "Our Father," the Kontakion of the Triodion (see above "Judas the traitor..."), and the rest of the First Hour. The Dismissal: "O Thou, Who showed to us the best way unto humility, through Thine unsurpassed goodness, when Thou did wash the feet of Thy Disciples, and did condescend, even to the Cross, and burial, for our sake, Christ our True God, through the prayers of His Immaculate Mother, and of all the saints, have mercy and save us, for He is good and loves mankind." (Temple saint(s) and saints for the day are not mentioned).

The Hours, the 3rd, 6th, and 9th are regular, without the Kathismata. The Entrance Prayers (before the Liturgy) are said by the clergy before the beginning of the Hours. The Prothesis is celebrated during the singing of "Lord, I call..." However, should there be many prosphora, Prothesis may be started during the reading of the Hours and concluded during the singing of "Lord, I call..." in order that the incensing of the entire temple be accomplished at the ‘proper time’ — at "Lord, I call..."

The Troparion at the Hours is "When the glorious disciples..." and the Kontakion, "Judas the traitor..."

The Typica. It is said "quickly," without the customary singing. After "Our Father," the Kontakion: "Judas the traitor..." "Lord, have mercy" (40 times). The prayer, "All-holy Trinity," and the Dismissal: "Christ, our True God, through the prayers of His Immaculate Mother and of all the saints, have mercy on us and save us, for He is good and loves mankind."

The Liturgy of St. Basil begins with Vespers. The beginning Ecphony: "Blessed is the Kingdom..." — is said at the Altar with the Holy Gospel as is usual at the Liturgy. Only the curtain is opened, the Royal Doors remain closed. The reader: "Amen. Glory to Thee, our God, glory to Thee. O Heavenly King... Holy God... etc., Our Father... Amen. Glory...both now...Amen. Come let us worship and fall down..." And, Psalm 103. There is no Kathismata. Following the Great Ektenia (the Lenten musical settings should be used), which is said in front of the Royal Doors, "Lord, I call..." in Tone 2 is sung. Ten stichera, since there are only 5, each sticheron is read twice. "Glory...both now..." Tone 6: "Judas, in truth, was the son of the vipers..." The Entrance takes place with the Holy Gospel (Royal Doors are opened at "Glory..."). "Gladsome Light..." "Attend! Peace be to all." The response: "And to thy spirit." "Wisdom. Attend!" The reader: "The Prokoemenon in Tone 1: Deliver me, O Lord, from the evil man: rescue me from the unjust man." Singers repeat the Prokoemenon. Verse: "Who have devised iniquities in their hearts all the day long." The singers repeat the Prokoemenon. Reader: "Deliver me, O Lord, from the evil man:" Singers: "Rescue me from the unjust man." The Royal Doors are closed at the conclusion of the Prokoemenon. Priest (or deacon): "Wisdom." Reader: "The reading from Exodus." Priest (or deacon): "Let us attend." Reader: "The Lord said to Moses..." (Exodus 19:10-19).

Note: The reader should read the Prokoemena and the readings (Paroemia, lit. — parable, proverb) in the center of the temple. An analogion may be used. The priest sits at the High Place in the Sanctuary, the same as he does for the reading of the Apostle. The reader chanting the Paroemia concludes the first one on a voice-pitch somewhat lower than the preceding rising pitch of the sentence being read, if another reading is to follow. The last Paroemia is ended in the same manner as is the customary Liturgy reading from the Apostle.

The priest (or deacon): "Wisdom." The reader: "The Prokoemenon in Tone 7: Deliver me from my enemies, O my God, and defend me from them that rise up against me." Singers repeat the Prokoemenon, and follow the procedure as indicated for the first Prokoemenon. Verse: "Deliver me from them that work iniquity." Priest (or deacon): "Wisdom." The reader: "The reading from Job." "Let us attend." Reader: "The Lord said to Job..." (38:1-23; 42:1-5). "Wisdom." "The reading from the Prophesy of Isaiah." "Let us attend." "The Lord has given me a learned tongue..." (50:4-11).

At the conclusion of the third Paroemia, the Royal Doors are opened. The Little Ektenia, Ecphony: "For holy art Thou, 0 our God..." The Trisagion. "Let us attend." "Peace be to all." "And to thy spirit." "Wisdom." "The Prokoemenon in Tone 7: The princes of the people are assembled together against the Lord and His Christ." The singers repeat and follow the procedure for the Prokoemenon. Verse: "Why have heathens raged: and the people devised vain things?" "Wisdom." "The reading is from the epistle of St. Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians." "Let us attend." "Brethren. For I have received of the Lord..." (I Cor. 11:23-32)..The Alleluarion: At the conclusion of the reading, the priest says, "Peace be to thee." The reader responds, "And to thy spirit." The priest: "Wisdom." The reader: "Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia. Tone 6: Blessed is he that understands concerning the needy and the poor: the lord will deliver him in the evil day." The singers sing "Alleluia" (three times) in Tone 6. Verse: "My enemies have spoken evil against me: when shall he die and his name perish?" "Alleluia" (3). Verse: "He who ate my bread, has greatly supplanted me." "Alleluia" (3). The Gospel reading is from St. Matthew (Sec. 107), however, it is a composite lection consisting of the following: Matthew 26:2-20; John 13:3-17; Matthew 26:21-39; Luke 22:43-45; Matthew 26:40-27:2: "The Lord said to His Disciples: you know that after two days shall be the pascha..."

The Liturgy follows the rite of St. Basil, except for the following: In place of the Cherubicon, the following is sung slowly, customarily in the Vesper Tone 6: "O Son of God, accept me today as a communicant of Thy Mystic Supper: For I will not speak of Thy Mystery to Thine enemies, neither will I give Thee a kiss as did Judas; but like the thief will I confess Thee: Remember me, O Lord, in Thy Kingdom."

"O Son of God..." is sung two times before the procession is made at the Great Entrance, and it is sung a third time after the Chalice and the Discarion are placed upon the Altar. At the conclusion of the third singing of "O Son of God..." "Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia" is added.

In place of "It is truly meet..." (Axion Estin), the ninth Ode from the Kanon of Orthros is sung: "Come, O faithful, let us enjoy the Master’s hospitality, and the Banquet of Immortality. In the Upper Chamber with uplifted minds, let us receive the exalted words from The Word, Him we magnify."

In place of the Koinonicon: "0 Son of God, accept me today..." and "Alleluia," (three times after the last singing of "O Son of God," since it may be repeated many times during the time of the "People’s Communion").

In place of "Let our mouths be filled..." sing: "O Son of God..." and add "Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia."

The Dismissal: "O Thou, Who showed to us the best way unto humility, through Thine unsurpassed goodness, when Thou did wash the feet of Thy Disciples, and did condescend, even to the Cross, and burial, for our sake, Christ our True God, through the prayers of His Immaculate Mother, and of St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, and of all the saints, have mercy on us and save us, for He is good and loves mankind."

The Small Aftersupper is said. Odes 5, 8, and 9 in Tone 8 of the works of St. Andrew of Crete are sung. See the Triodion.

The Orthros.

(Thursday evening)

Ordinarily this Orthros of Great Friday is celebrated on Thursday evening, according to the Typicon "at 2 of the night," or, our time, 8:00 P.M. Sometimes this Orthros is repeated on Great Friday morning.

The priest vests in the Epimankia, Epitrachelion and Phelonion of a dark-hued color, preferably purple. The same vestment is worn throughout the entire service, as there is no reason whatever to change the vestments to various colors for the reading of the Gospel lections.

The Curtain is opened, the Royal Doors remain closed. The beginning is the same as for Orthros officiated apart from Vespers: "Blessed, is our God..." Reader: "Amen. Glory to Thee, our God, glory to Thee. Heavenly King...Holy God... All Holy Trinity...Our Father... /’ Psalms 19 and 20, etc. After the Hexapsalmos, the Great Ektenia, and, "Alleluia..." in Tone 8 of the special melody for Passion Week — as an example, see the musical adaption by M.P. Hilko. The Thrice-Alleluia is sung four times: Priest (or deacon): "Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia, Tone 8." The singers repeat "Alleluia..." (thrice). Deacon: "My soul has desired Thee in the night, O God, and with my spirit in the morning early I will watch to Thee." Singers repeat: "Alleluia..."

Stichos 2: "The inhabitants of the earth shall learn justice."

Singers: "Alleluia..."

Stichos 3: "Let the envious people see and be confounded."

Singers: "Alleluia..."

Stichos 4: "Bring down, O Lord, bring down the exalted of the earth." (No ‘‘alleluia" is sung after stichos 4, instead, immediately the Troparion): "When the glorious Disciples, were illumined by the washing at the Supper, then the impious Judas was darkened with love of silver. And to the unjust judges, he betrays Thee, the Just Judge. Behold, the lover of wealth for he hanged himself for it! Flee from the unsatiable soul which dared such things against the Master. O Lord, Who art good above all men, glory to Thee." (Thrice)

When there is no deacon, the priest says the Great Ektenia in front of the closed Royal Doors on the Soleas. He enters the Sanctuary after the fourth stichos of the "Alleluia." After a metania and kissing the Altar, the priest, at the start of the singing of the Troparion, opens the Royal Doors, and through them brings out the Holy Gospel which he places upon the analogion. The analogion is in the center of the temple (Nave), facing the Altar, so that the priest will read the Gospel facing the Altar. Candles are distributed to all assisting clergy and to all the people. Ordinarily, the chief celebrant receives several lighted candles from the deacon, and gives a candle to each priest and deacon. Each priest kisses the chief celebrant’s hand (even if he is another priest), who in turn kisses the priest’s hand, as he receives the candle — the chief celebrant does not kiss the deacon’s hand. The candles are put out after the conclusion of the first Gospel reading. They are re-lighted at the beginning of each reading, and put out at the conclusion of each reading. There is a custom among some to keep the candle lighted following the last Gospel reading and to take it home (burning).

The chief celebrant does a complete incensing: the Altar, Sanctuary, Iconostasis, the people, the entire temple, starting and ending at the analogion with the Gospel upon it. If there is a deacon, he goes in front of the priest, as is customarily done during such incensings. Following the conclusion of the Troparion, the incensing, the Little Ektenia, the Ecphony is: "For Thine is the majesty, and Thine are the Kingdom, and the Power, and the Glory, of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages."

Singers: "Amen." The deacon (or priest): "And that we be made worthy to hear the Holy Gospel, let us pray to the Lord God."

Singers: "Lord, have mercy" (thrice) Deacon (or priest): "Wisdom. Attend! Let us hear the Holy Gospel." Priest: "Peace be to all." Singers: "And to thy (your) spirit." Priest: "The reading is from the Holy Gospel according to John." Singers: "Glory to Thy Passions, O Lord."

The priest reads the Gospel. The first reading from St. John begins with Section 46 (13:31-38, 14:1-31, 15:1-27, 16:1-33, 17:1-26, 18:1). At the conclusion of the reading, singers: "Glory to Thy long-suffering, O Lord."

* * *

The above procedure is followed before and after each Gospel reading. Also, the bell is struck the number of times as is the number of the Gospel sequence, viz., before the reading of the first Gospel, the bell is struck one time, before" the second reading, it is struck two times, etc., and, following the last Gospel reading, there is a short ringing of the trezvon. The trezvon remains silent, i.e., is not to be rung until Holy Pascha.

After each of the first five Gospel readings there is set a series of "Special Antiphons," a total of 15, which are to be sung, or chanted. After the first Gospel, Antiphons 1 in Tone 8, 2 in Tone 6, and 3 in Tone 2 are sung. After the 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th and 15th Antiphons, there follows the Little Ektenia, and after the Ecphony the Kathisma (Sedalen) is sung during which the Little Incensing takes place.

If conditions are such that make it difficult to sing all of the required stichoi of the Antiphons, they may be chanted. It is suggested, however, that the first one or two stichoi of the first Antiphon in each sequence be sung (and the rest may be read): "The rulers of the nations took counsel against the Lord, and against His Anointed."

"Words contrary to the law they contrived against me, wherefore Lord, O Lord, forsake me not." (Antiphon One)

The Little Ektenia follows the Third Antiphon. The Ecphony: "For unto Thee are due all glory, honor and worship: To the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages."

The Kathisma (Sedalen) is sung in Tone 7: "When Thou didst feed Thy Disciples at The Supper, knowing the intent to betray, Thou didst reproach Judas for it. Although knowing of his incorrigibility, Thou preferred to make known to all that Thou was betrayed of Thine own will, that Thou might reclaim the world from evil. Wherefore, O Long-suffering Lord, glory to Thee."

The Little Incensing is done: The Gospel (on the analogion), the Holy Altar, the two main icons (Saviour and Theotokos) in the Iconostasis, and the people. It is suggested that the incensing begin during the ektenia if the priest has no assistance — i.e., no deacon, in order not to have pauses in the "flow" of the service.

The Second Gospel is read, John, Section 58 (18:1-28). Antiphons 4, 5 and 6 are sung. The first stichos in Tone 5: "Today Judas abandons the Master, and accepts the Devil: He is blinded by the passion of cupidity, being darkened, he falls away from the light. For, how can he see the Light whom he sold for thirty pieces of silver? But He, Who suffered for the world has shone upon us. Unto Him let us cry aloud: Lord, Who has suffered and Who has compassion on mankind, glory to Thee." (Antiphon Four)

The Little Ektenia, and the Ecphony: "For blessed and glorified is Thy Name, of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages."

Singers: "Amen." Incensing. The Kathisma, Tone 7: "What caused you, Judas, to betray the Saviour? Did He set you apart from the Disciples? Did He deny you the gift of healing? Did He send you away from the Supper while eating with the others? Did He wash the feet of the others and pass you by? Oh, how much of the goodness you have forgotten! And your thankless mind has been exposed. But His infinite long-suffering, and His great mercy are proclaimed."

The Third Gospel is read, Matthew, Section 109 (26:57-75). Antiphons 7, 8 and 9 are sung. The first stichos in Tone 8: "Unto those who unlawfully didst seize Thee, having suffered much, Thou didst cry: Lord, if Ye strike the shepherd, and disperse the twelve sheep, my Disciples, I could summon more than twelve legions of angels; but I will forebear, in order that the obscure and secret things which I have revealed through my prophets may be revealed. Lord, glory to Thee." (Antiphon Seven).

The Little Ektenia, and the Ecphony: "For Thou art our God, and to Thee we send up glory, to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages."

Singers: "Amen." Incensing. The Kathisma, Tone 8: "Woeful is it that Judas, who had been Thy Disciple, plotted Thy betrayal in Thy presence. He ate supper with Thee in deceit, that unrighteous assassin, and then went to the priests, saying: What will you give me to deliver to you Him Who broke the law and profaned the Sabbath? Wherefore, O Long-suffering Lord, glory to Thee."

The Fourth Gospel is read, John, Section 59 (18:28-40, 19:1-16) (The Gospel ends in the 16th verse with the words, ." ...to be crucified.") Antiphons 10, 11 and 12 are sung. The first stichos in Tone 6: "He who clothed Himself with light as with a garment, and stood naked at the trial, was hit upon the cheek by the hands of those whom He created. The lawless people nailed to the Cross Him Who is the Lord of glory. Then the veil in the temple was torn in half, the sun was darkened, for it could not endure to behold the affront to God, before Whom all things tremble. Him, let us worship." (Antiphon Ten)

The Little Ektenia, and the Ecphony: "Blessed and glorified be the majesty of Thy Kingdom, of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages."

Singers: "Amen." Incensing. The Kathisma, Tone 8: "When Thou stood before Caiaphas, O God, and was delivered to Pilate, the judge, the heavenly powers trembled from fear. Then, Thou wast lifted up on a tree between two thieves, and numbered among the lawless, O Sinless One, for the salvation of mankind. Compassionate Lord, glory to Thee."

The Fifth Gospel is read, Matthew, Section 111 (27:3-32). Antiphons 13, 14 and 15 are sung. The first stichos in Tone 6: "The assembly of the Jews, asked Pilate to crucify Thee, O Lord. Although they found no fault in Thee, they liberated the guilty Barrabas, and condemned Thee, the Just; and inherited the sin of the foul murder. Lord, grant them their reward, for they have in vain brought evil against Thee." (Antiphon Thirteen)

The Little Ektenia, and the Ecphony: "For blessed is Thine All Holy Name, and glorified is Thy Kingdom, of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages."

Singers: "Amen." Incensing. The Kathisma, Tone 4: "Thou hast ransomed us from the curse of the law, by Thy Precious Blood, when Thou wast nailed to the Cross, and pierced with the spear. Thou didst give immortality to men, Our Saviour, glory to Thee."

The Sixth Gospel is read, Mark, Section 67 (15:16-32). The Beatitudes in Tone 4 with stichera — The Makarismatics — on 8: Little Incensing. The Little Ektenia (seventh), and the Ecphony: "For all the powers of heaven praise Thee, and to Thee we send up glory, to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages."

"Let us attend!" "Wisdom." The Prokoemenon in Tone 4: "They have parted my garments among them, and upon my vesture they have cast lots. Stichos: God, my God, hear me: Why hast Thou forsaken me?"

The Seventh Gospel is read, Matthew, Section 113 (27:33-54). There is no incensing, and, no Little Ektenia. At the conclusion of the Gospel, after "Glory to Thy long suffering..." Psalm 50 is read, and, at its conclusion, "And that we be made worthy..." etc.

The Eighth Gospel is read, Luke, Section 111 (23:32-49). The Triode is sung, consisting of Odes 5, 8 and 9. The Kontakion in Tone 8 (after Ode 5): "Come, let us praise Him Who was crucified for our sake. When Mary saw Him upon the Tree she said: Although Thou endures the crucifixion willingly, Thou art my Son and my God."

(Oikos) "Watching her Lamb being led to the slaughter, Mary, the ewe, followed Him in the company of other women, troubled, and crying: Where art Thou going, my Son? And why art Thou hurrying? Is there, perhaps, another wedding in Cana, to which Thou art rushing to change water into wine for them? Shall I go with Thee, or shall I wait? Give me word, O Word, nor pass by me in silence, Thou Who didst keep me pure, for Thou art my Son and my God."

The deacon intones the first words of the 9th Heirmos: "More honorable than the Cherubim..." And, the singers continue, "and more glorious than the Seraphim..." After the Katabasia, Little Ektenia, and the Ecphony: "For all the powers of heaven praise Thee, and to Thee we send up glory, to the Father..." The singers, "Amen."

The Exaposteilarion: "Thou made the wise thief worthy of Paradise in one moment, O Lord; and enlighten me, through the wood of the Cross, and save me."

"Glory..." repeat the Exaposteilarion, "Both now...Amen," repeat "Thou made the wise thief worthy..." At the conclusion of the singing of the Exaposteilarion for the third time: "And that we be made worthy to hear the Holy Gospel..." etc.

The Ninth Gospel is read, John, Section 61 (19:25-37). The Ainoi: "Let everything that has breath, praise the Lord..." in Tone 3, for four stichera, repeat the first stichera (as only three are given in the Triodion). "Glory..." in Tone 6: "They have taken off my clothes, and clothed me with..." "Both now...Amen." in Tone 6: (The "Tones" are the same as those sung at Vespers). "I have delivered my back to scourges..."

The Tenth Gospel is read, Mark, Section 69 (15:43-47). Following "Glory to Thy Long-suffering..." the reader says: "Glory to Thee, Who has shown us the light." "Glory to God in the highest..." (The Doxology is read, not sung). The Ektenia: "Let us complete our morning prayer unto the Lord..." The Ecphony: "For Thou art the God of mercy, goodness, and love for mankind, and to Thee we send up glory, to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages."

After "Amen," "And that we be made worthy..." etc.

The Eleventh Gospel is read, John, Section 62 (19:38-42). The Aposticha is sung. During the singing of the stichera of the Aposticha, a complete incensing of the temple is done.

The Twelfth Gospel is read, Matthew, Section 114 (27:62-66). A short trezvon is rung. The priest carries the Holy Gospel back to the Altar. Reader: "It is good to confess to the Lord, and to offer psalms to Thy Name, O Most High; to proclaim Thy mercy in the morning, and Thy truth every night." The Trisagion. "Our Father..."

After ‘‘Amen," the singers sing the Troparion in Tone 4: "Thou hast ransomed us from the curse of the law by Thy Precious Blood. When Thou wast nailed to the Cross, and pierced with a spear, Thou didst pour forth immortality for mankind: Our Saviour, glory to Thee."

The Ektenia of Fervent Supplication: "Have mercy on us, O God, according to Thy great mercy, we beseech Thee; Hearken, and have mercy." "Lord, have mercy." (thrice) "Again we pray for our great lord and father..." Ecphony: "For Thou art a merciful and manloving God, and to Thee we send up glory, to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." "Wisdom!" "Father, bless." "Blessed is He Who is, Christ our God, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." Singers: "Make firm, O God, the Holy Orthodox Faith, and the Orthodox Christians, unto ages of ages." Priest: "Save us, O Most Holy Theotokos." Singers: "More honorable than the Cherubim..." Priest: "Glory to Thee, Christ God, our hope, glory to Thee." Singers: "Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit; both now, and ever, and unto ages of ages. Amen. Lord, have mercy. Lord, have mercy. Lord, have mercy. Father, bless!" The Dismissal: "May He Who endured to be spat upon, and the scourging, and the mockery, and the Cross, and death for the salvation of the world, Christ our True God, through the prayers of His Immaculate Mother, and of all saints, have mercy and save us, for He is good and loves mankind."

The singers do not sing "Amen," instead, the Polychronion ("Amen" is never sung or said after the priest’s Dismissal).

The First Hour is not chanted after this Orthros.

In reading the Twelve Gospels, if two or more priests concelebrate, the chief celebrant, as a rule, reads the first Gospel and also the last.

There is a custom in Greek and Syrian churches, instituted by Patriarch Sophronius of Constantinople in 1864, that the Archpriest carry the Cross from the Sanctuary in procession via the North Deacon’s Door to the center of the temple after the conclusion of the Fifth Gospel. While he is carrying the Cross, he sings the first stichos of the 15th Antiphon. The Cross is placed into a marble base, and all the faithful come forward to kiss the Cross. In the meantime, the choir sings the first stichos of the 15th Antiphon, etc., antiphonally.

The Liturgical Directives for 1946 of the Russian Church specify that according to custom, the Processional Cross (Sanctuary Cross/ be carried out from the Sanctuary through the North Deacon’s Door to the analogion on which the Gospel is read, during the singing of the 15th Antiphon (after the Fifth Gospel). The Cross is then placed back of the analogion.

No Liturgy is celebrated on Great Friday. Should the Feast of Holy Annunciation coincide with Great Friday, a special order of the Liturgy is followed.

The special "Passion Week" musical settings and melodies, even for the ektenias, should be used.

The Hours of Great Friday are chanted in the morning. The First, Third, Sixth and Ninth Hours comprise a single continuous service. They are officiated in the same manner as the Hours on Christmas eve and Theophany eve.

The priest is vested in the Epimanika, Epitrachelion and Phelonion, opens the Katapetasma and the Royal Doors, which remain open, and, carries out the Holy Gospel from the Altar to the analogion placed in the center of the nave — facing the Altar. The deacon with the incenser and the server(s), carrying the movable candle stand, walk in front of the priest in procession to the analogion. After placing the Gospel upon the analogion, and the candle behind the analogion, the customary beginning is chanted. Following, ‘For Thine is the Kingdom..." after "Our Father/’ the priest accompanied by the deacon perform a complete incensing: Around the Gospel on the analogion, the Altar, Sanctuary, the Choirs, people, and all the icons in the temple. The candle-bearer and the reader remain in the center of the temple, near the analogion, until the conclusion of the Gospel reading at the Ninth Hour.

At each of the Hours, following the three psalms, the following is added: The Troparion of the day, the troparia with their stichoi, Paroemia, Prokoemenon, Apostle and Gospel readings. After "Our Father/’ the Kontakion of the day. After, "In the Name of the Lord, father, bless," the Ecphony: "God, be bountiful to us and bless us, and show the light of Thy countenance, and have mercy on us." At the conclusion of the First Hour, after "God, be bountiful..." the priest says: "Christ, the True light. Who enlightens and sanctifies every man that comes into the world: May the light of Thy countenance shine upon us, that in it we may see the ineffable light. Correct our ways in the doing of Thy commandments, through the intercessions of Thine Immaculate Mother and of all Thy saints. Amen."

At the conclusion of the Third Hour, following "God, be bountiful...": "Master, God the Father Almighty, Lord, the Only-begotten Son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit: One Godhead, One Power, have mercy on me the sinner. And, by the judgements which Thou knowest, save me, Thy unworthy servant. For blessed art Thou unto ages of ages. Amen."

At the conclusion of the Sixth Hour, following "God, be bountiful...": "God and Lord of Hosts, and Creator of all things: Who, through the compassion of Thy incomparable mercy, didst send down Thy Only-begotten Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, for the salvation of our race. By His Precious Cross, Thou didst destroy the records of our sins and didst triumph over the princes and powers of darkness: Thyself, the Master and Lover of mankind, accept our thanksgiving and intercessory prayers, as sinners. Deliver us from every all-destroying and sinister transgression, and from all enemies, visible and invisible, who seek to destroy us. Pierce our flesh with Thy fear, and incline not our hearts to words and thoughts of evil. Wound our souls with Thy love, that we may always behold Thee, and be enlightened, contemplating Thine ineffable and everlasting Light. That we may send up to Thee our thanksgiving, and ever confess Thee: The Father Who has no beginning, together with Thine Only-begotten Son, and Thine All Holy and Life-creating Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages. Amen."

At the conclusion of the Ninth Hour, following "God, be bountiful...": "Master, Lord Jesus Christ our God, Who art long-suffering for our sins, hast brought us even to this present hour. Hanging upon the Life-creating Tree, Thou opened the way to Paradise to the repentant thief, and by death didst destroy death. Cleanse us, Thy sinful and unworthy servants. We have sinned and we have been lawless, and unworthy to lift up our eyes to the heavenly heights; for we have departed from the path of Thy Justice and, instead, followed the dictates of our hearts. We beseech Thy boundless goodness: Spare us, Lord, according to Thy great mercy for Thy Holy Name’s sake, as our days passed in vanity. Tear us away from the hand of the adversary, forgive us our sins, and mortify our carnal imagination: That, in putting away the old, we may be clothed with the new man, and live for Thee, our Master and our Benefactor. In fulfilling Thy commandments, we may achieve eternal rest, which is the abode of the rejoicing. For Thou art the true joy and gladness to those who love Thee, Christ our God, and to Thee we send up glory, to the Father Who has no beginning, with Thy Most Holy and Good and Life-creating Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages. Amen."

During the Third and the Sixth Hours the Little Incensing is done, at the lections from the Apostle, or, it is suggested to incense a little before the start of the reading. At the Ninth Hour, do a complete incensing of the temple. Following the conclusion of the Gospel reading at the Ninth Hour, the Gospel is carried back to the Altar by the priest, the Royal Doors are closed, and the Katapetasma is pulled shut. The Ecphony, "God be bountiful..." is said on the Soleas in front of the Royal Doors. The priest, having removed the Phelonion, remains in the Epitrachelion for the Ecphony and the Prayer (of St. Basil the Great) of the Ninth Hour.

The Typics are chanted, nothing is sung, except as indicated below. The Makarismatics are read rapidly. "Wisdom!" Singers: "It is truly meet to bless thee, O Theotokos, who art ever blessed and all blameless, and the Mother of our God." Priest: "Most Holy Theotokos, save us." Singers: "More honorable than the Cherubim..." "Glory..." etc. Dismissal: "May He Who for the sake of mankind and for our salvation condescended to endure the terrible Passions, and the Life-creating Cross, and the voluntary Burial in the flesh, Christ our True God, through the intercessions of His Immaculate Mother, and of all the saints, have mercy and save us, for He is good and loves mankind."

The Polychronion is sung.

The priest vests in all of his sacerdotal vestments (as for the Holy Liturgy). Should there be two or more concelebrating priests, the chief celebrant alone is fully vested, the others vest in the Epimanika, Epitrachelion and Phelonion.

Before the start of Great Vespers, the Gospel is removed from its customary position on the Holy Altar, and placed in an upright position (as at the Liturgy following the reading of the Gospel lection). The Holy Epitaphion is placed upon the Altar, over the Antimension, with the head of Christ to the priest’s left as he faces the Altar.

A wreath of live flowers may be placed upon the Epitaphion. Rose oil, or rose water, is used to "rub down" the iconographic part of the Epitaphion. Artificial flowers may not be used." Also, the use of perfumes or eau de Colognes, which have been or are prepared with spirits, is forbidden. A small sized Gospel is laid down upon the Epitaphion. The processional candlestick or lamp is placed in front of the Epitaphion (actually in front of the Altar). The Tomb is readied in the center of the nave to receive the Epitaphion, and around it, are placed candelabra with candles in readiness to be lighted after the placing of the Epitaphion.

The large bell is rung — call to Vespers. The Katapetasma is opened. The priest comes out to the Soleas through the North Door, stands in front of the Royal Doors, and gives the Ecphony of Blessing: "Blessed is our God, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages," Reader: "Amen." "Glory to Thee, our God, glory to Thee." "Heavenly King..." and the rest. Psalm 103 is read. The Great Ektenia is said on the Soleas. "Lord, I call upon Thee..." is in Tone 1. Six stichera are ordered, the first one is repeated. "Glory..." and the sticheron are in Tone 6, "Both now. Amen" and the sticheron are in Tone 6. The Royal Doors are opened. The Entrance is with the Gospel. "Gladsome Light...." At the High Place, the deacon (or priest): "Let us attend!" Priest: "Peace be to all." Deacon (or priest if there is no deacon): "Wisdom. Attend." The Prokoemenon in Tone 4: "They have parted my garments among them, and upon my vesture they have cast lots." (The singers repeat the Prokoemenon).

Stichos: "God, my God, hear me: Why hast Thou forsaken me?"

(The singers repeat the Prokoemenon). "They have parted my garments among them. The singers conclude: And upon my vesture they have cast lots."

The deacon (or priest): "Wisdom." Reader: "The reading is from Exodus." (33:11-23) Deacon (or priest): "Let us attend!" Reader: "The Lord spoke to Moses..." concluding with ." ...But my face thou canst not see." After concluding the Paroemia, the reader immediately chants the Prokoemenon without waiting for the deacon or priest to chant an Ecphony ("Wisdom," etc.).

The Prokoemenon in Tone 4: "Judge Thou, O Lord, those who wrong me; overthrow those who fight against me (The singers repeat the Prokoemenon). The stichos: Take hold of arms and shield; and rise up to help me (Prokoemenon is repeated by the singers). Reader: Judge Thou, O Lord, those who wrong me. Singers conclude: Overthrow those who fight against me."

The deacon (or priest): "Wisdom." Reader: ‘‘The reading is from Job." (42:12-17) Deacon (or priest): "Let us attend!" Reader: "The Lord blessed..." There is no Prokoemenon after the second Paroemia. The deacon (or priest): "Wisdom." Reader: "The reading is from the Prophesy of Isaiah." (52:13-15, 53:1-12, 54:1) Deacon: "Let us attend!" Reader: "Thus saith the Lord: Behold, my servant shall understand..." concluding with ." ...that hath a husband, saith the Lord."

The Prokoemenon before the Epistle lection is read and sung in the customary manner. The Prokoemenon is in Tone 6: "They have laid me in the lower pit; in the dark places; and in the shadow of death."

Stichos: "O Lord, the God of my salvation: I have cried in the day and in the night, before Thee."

The Epistle lection is I Corinthians Section 125 (1:18-2:2): "Brethren: The doctrine of the Cross is foolishness to them indeed who perish..." ending with "...and Him crucified." The Alleluarion is in Tone 1: Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia, Tone one: "Save me, O God, for the waters are come in even unto my soul."

Stichos: My soul has expected reproach and misery. Stichos: Let their eyes be darkened that they see not.

The deacon (or priest): "And that we be made worthy to hear the Holy Gospel, let us pray to the Lord God."

Singers: "Lord, have mercy." (thrice) Deacon (or priest): "Wisdom. Attend! Let us hear the Holy Gospel." Priest: "Peace be to all." Singers: "And to thy (your) spirit." Priest: "The reading is from the Holy Gospel according to Matthew." The singers: Glory to Thy Passions, O Lord.

The priest reads the Gospel, beginning in Matthew Section 110 (27:1-39), then goes to Luke 23:39-43, Matthew 27:39-54, John 19:31-37, Matthew 27:55-61. At the conclusion of the lection, singers: Glory to Thy long-suffering, O Lord.

The Ektenia of Fervent Supplication: "Let us all say..." After the Ecphony: "For Thou art a merciful God, and lovest mankind, and to Thee we send up glory, to the Father..." "Vouchsafe, O Lord..." (A better version might begin with the words: "Make us worthy, O Lord...). The Ektenia of Askings: "Let us complete our evening prayer..." Ecphony: "For Thou art a good God, and lovest mankind, and to Thee we send up glory..." "Peace be to all." "Let us bow our heads unto the Lord." The secret prayer: ") Lord our God..." Ecphony: "Blessed and glorified be the majesty..." The Aposticha. There are four stichera with three stichoi, first stichos is said after the first sticheron. "Glory...Both now...Amen."

Tone 5: "Thou, Who clothest Thyself with light as with a vestment. Joseph with Nicodemus took Thee down from the Tree and saw Thee dead, naked, and unburied, and sincerely lamented and wailed and said: Woe is me, Most Sweet Jesus, Whom the sun for a moment saw suspended upon the Cross, and then was shrouded in darkness. The earth quaked with fear and the veil of the Temple was torn in two. But now I see Thee, willingly enduring death for my sake. How shall I bury Thee, my God? With what kind of shroud shall I wrap Thee? With what hands shall I touch Thy incorruptible body? Or, what dirges shall I sing for Thy funeral, O Bountiful One? I magnify Thy Passions, and sing praises to Thy Burial with Thy Resurrection crying: Lord, glory to Thee."

When the sticheron, "Thou Who clothest Thyself..." is sung, the Royal Doors are opened, the chief celebrant and the deacon incense around the Altar three times. The reader chants, "Now dismiss Thy servant in peace..." The Trisagion, etc., "Our Father." Following "Amen," the singers sing the Troparia in Tone 2, or in the special musical setting: "The pious Joseph, having taken down Thine Immaculate Body from the Tree, wrapped it in pure linen, anointed it with spices, and placed It in a new tomb, and sealed it."

The second Troparion: "The Myrrh-bearing women stood at the Tomb, and the Angel cried: The myrrh is good for the dead, but Christ hast shown Himself a stranger to corruption."

At the start of the singing of the Troparion, all clergy and servers make three prostrations before the Altar, the chief celebrant removes the small Gospel from the Epitaphion, places it upon his head, and assisted by the concelebrating priests, lifts the Epitaphion from the Altar and places it over the Gospel upon his head (If the priest is without clergy assistance, he alone carries the Epitaphion above his head, and, if need be, he may be assisted by pious laymen. They assist when the priest reaches the North Deacon’s Door). The procession — deacon with the incenser, candle-bearers, servers, moves to the right of the Holy Altar, goes around it by way of the High Place, and comes out of the Sanctuary through the North Deacon’s Door, directly to the prepared Tomb. There is no stopping at the Royal Doors.

The Epitaphion is carried in the following manner: The priest walks under it, with the "Body of our Lord" lengthwise, the feet are forward. When the Epitaphion is placed in the Tomb, the head of Christ is to the north, i.e., on the left as one faces the Altar, and the feet point to the south, or are on the right.

A folded Aer is placed on the center of the Body of Christ, and the small Gospel upon it. The wounds are exposed for veneration, the hands and the feet are kissed.

After the Epitaphion is placed in the Tomb, the priest and the deacon incense around it, going around three times. After the incensing, they make two prostrations, kiss the feet and hands of our Lord, and make a third prostration.

Following the conclusion of the singing of the Troparia, the priest MUST preach a sermon.

All the faithful kiss the Epitaphion after the sermon. It is customary, during the veneration, to sing the following sticheron in Tone 5, or in its own special musical setting: "Come, let us bless the ever-memorable Joseph, who came to Pilate by night, and begged for the Giver of Life: Give me this Stranger, who has no place to lay his head; give me this Stranger, whom the crafty disciple betrayed unto death; give me this Stranger, whose Mother, when she saw him hanging on the Cross, wailed, and with maternal feeling cried out: Woe is me, my child! Woe is me, my Light, and the beloved life of my heart! That which was foretold by Simeon, in the church today has come to pass! A weapon shall pierce my heart, but the lamentation shall change to the joy of the Resurrection. We worship Thy Passions, O Christ; we worship Thy Passions, O Christ; we worship Thy Passions, O Christ, and Thy Holy Resurrection."

After the sticheron, "Wisdom." Singers: "Father, bless." Priest: "Blessed is He Who is, Christ our God, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." Singers: "Amen. Make firm, O God, the Holy Orthodox Faith and the Orthodox Christians, unto ages of ages." Priest: "Save us, 0 Most Holy Theotokos." Singers: "More honorable than the Cherubim..." Priest: "Glory to Thee, Christ God, our hope, glory to Thee." Singers: "Glory...both now...Amen. Lord, have mercy, (thrice) Father, bless." The Dismissal: "May He Who for the sake of mankind, and for our salvation, condescended to endure the terrible Passions, and the Life-creating Cross, and the voluntary Burial in the flesh, Christ our True God, through the intercessions of His Immaculate Mother, and of all the saints, have mercy and save us, for He is good and loves mankind."

In the tradition of the Russian Church, it has become customary to sing the Kanon of the Crucifixion immediately, which may be found in the Triodion, in the Small Aftersupper.

At the conclusion of the singing of, "Come, let us bless the ever-memorable..." the troparia of the Kanons, to the Crucified Lord and the Lamentations of the Theotokos, are read by the priest(s) in front of the Tomb. After the 9th Ode, in place of "It is truly meet..." the Heirmos, "It is impossible for man to see God..." is sung. Following the Heirmos, "Wisdom!" and the Dismissal as given above. As a matter of practicality, there exists the common practice of following with the Dismissal after the sermon, and, as the faithful come forward to venerate the Epitaphion, "Come, let us bless the ever-memorable..." is sung.

At the approach to the Epitaphion, one makes two prostrations, kisses the wounds on the hands, the wounds on the feet, and the Holy Gospel, steps back, and makes a third prostration. It had been suggested that the face of our Lord be covered with the small Chalice cover in order that those inclined to kiss the face of our Lord, be prevented from doing so; there are uninformed Orthodox as well as visitors to our temples during the holy days. However, it was also suggested that the Chalice cover be removed when the parishioners are fully aware of proper veneration, and during the presence of the priest. There is a footnote in Bulgakov’s book, Nastolnaya Kniga, (p. 549) which suggests that our Lord’s face be left uncovered.

The bell is rung at the ‘Typicon’s first hour, our time is 7:00 p.m. In the Church of Russia, in the cities, there is the custom to celebrate the Orthros on Friday evening and again on Holy Saturday morning.

The presiding priest stands at the Holy Altar, vested in the Epimanika, Epitrachelion and Phelonion, makes the Sign of the Cross with the incenser as he intones the Ecphony: "Blessed is our God, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." The Katapetasma (Curtain) is opened. The reader: "Amen. Glory to Thee, our God...O Heavenly King..." After Psalms 19 and 20, Trisagion, etc., and the Troparion: "O Lord, save Thy people, and bless Thine inheritance; granting victory over adversaries, and by Thy Cross preserving Thine Estate." "Glory..." The Kontakion: "Thou ascended to the Cross of Thine own will. Bestow Thy bounties upon the new people called by Thy Name, Christ God. Make us to rejoice in Thy Might; granting victories over adversaries; having Thy weapon, peace, as our invincible trophy." "Both now...Amen." "O protection, wonderful and unashamed, All-lauded Theotokos, despise not our prayers. Make firm the Orthodox, save thy faithful people, and grant them victory from heaven: For thou hast borne God, O only blessed one."

The Abridged Ektenia of Fervent Supplication is said at the Tomb if there is a’ deacon, otherwise, the priest says it at the Altar. The Ecphony: "For Thou art a merciful God..." "Amen. In the Name of the Lord, father, bless." The priest takes the incenser, makes the Sign of the Cross with it, and says: "Glory to the holy, consubstantial, life-creating and undivided Trinity, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." "Amen. Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, and good will among men (twice) Lord, open my lips, and my mouth shall show forth Thy praise." (once) The Hexapsalmos.

During the reading of the Hexapsalmos, the reader should be standing in the center of the temple. The priest reads the Morning Prayers (of Orthros) at the Altar while the first three psalms are chanted. He comes to the Epitaphion, as the last three psalms are read, and concludes his prayers at the Tomb. Whatever is normally said on the Soleas, is said at the Epitaphion. The Great Ektenia is said in front of the Epitaphion. Following the Ecphony, "God is the Lord, and has appeared unto us, blessed is He who comes in the Name of the Lord," is sung in Tone 2. The four stichoi are said, and "God is the Lord..." is sung four times. Therefore, following the stichos, "The stone which the builders..." are sung: the Troparion, "The pious Joseph..." "Glory," "When Thou didst condescend unto death, O Life Immortal, Thou didst slay Hades by the lightening of Thy Divinity; but when Thou didst also raise the dead from the nethermost abodes, all the Heavenly Powers cried: Thou Giver of Life, Christ our God, glory to Thee." (Resurrectional Troparion Tone 2), "Both now...Amen," "The Myrrh-bearing women stood at the Tomb..."

At the conclusion of the Great Ektenia and the Ecphony, the priest enters the Sanctuary, opens the Royal Doors, and comes to the Epitaphion with the cocelebrants. This is provided the deacon chants "God is the Lord..." If there is no deacon, the priest enters the Sanctuary after the fourth stichos ("The stone which the builders rejected..."), opens the Royal Doors, comes to the Epitaphion, distributed candles to the cocelebrants (if there be), the people light and hold candles, incenses around the Epitaphion, the Altar, the Iconostasis, the people, and the entire temple. Although the rubrics call for the incensing to take place during the singing of the Amomos (Neporocny), it is not practical as the priest is called upon to chant the "Praises" of the Amomos. The incensing takes place during the singing of the Troparia and the Kontakion (Bogosluzebnye Ukazaniya, Moscow).

The Amomos. The First Stasis consists of 72 verses of the 17th Kathismata (Psalm 118); after the chanting or singing of each verse (stichos), the priest chants or sings a "Praise" — a Megalynarion. The singer(s) begins the First Stasis in Tone 5: "Blessed art Thou, O Lord, teach me Thy statutes." And, "Blessed are the undefiled in the way; who walk in the law of the Lord." (Ps. 118:1) The priest chants: "Christ the Life, Thou wast placed in a tomb, and the hosts of angels were dazzled, glorifying Thy condescension." Singer(s): "Blessed are they that search his testimonies; that seek him with their whole heart." Priest: "Life, how dost Thou die? How is that Thou dweilest in the tomb? And destroyest the Kingdom of death, and restorest the dead from Hades? Etc. The singers sing "Glory..." and the "Praise": "We praise Thee, 0 Word (Logos), God of creation, with Thy Father and Holy Spirit, and glorify Thy Divine Burial." "Both now...Amen." "We bless thee, Pure Theotokos, and honor the three-day burial of Thy Son and our God." The singers repeat the first "Praise": "Christ the Life, Thou wast placed..."

The Little Ektenia, the Ecphony: "For blessed is Thy Name, and glorified is Thy Kingdom, of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." The priest incenses the Epitaphion, Altar — but from the standing position on the Soleas, the Icons of the Saviour and the Theotokos in the Iconostasis, and the people (Lesser Incensing). After "Amen," following the Ecphony, the Second Stasis is chanted. The singers proceed in Tone 5: "It is meet to magnify Thee, the Life-giver, Who didst stretch forth Thy hands upon the Cross, thus destroying the dominion of the enemy." And, "Thy hands have made me and formed me; give me understanding, and I will learn Thy commandments." (Ps. 118:73) The priest continues chanting the "Praises," and the singers alternate with the stichoi. The singers: "Glory..." "O eternal God, coeternal Word and Spirit, strengthen the Orthodox, for Thou art good." "Both now...Amen." "0 Pure and Blameless, who gave birth to Life, calm the temptations in the Church and give peace, for thou art good." The first "Praise" is repeated. The Little Ektenia. The Ecphony: "For holy art Thou our God, Who rests upon the Cherubimic Altar of Glory, and to Thee we send up glory with Thy Father Who has no beginning, and with Thine All-holy, and Good, and Life-creating Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." The Lesser Incensing. As a practical note, it may be better to incense during the ektenia, or even a little before, in order not to be rushed.

The Third Stasis begins with the singers singing in Tone 3: "All generations offer praise to Thy Burial, my Christ." And the verse (Ps. 118:132): "Look Thou upon me and have mercy on me; according to the judgement of them that love Thy Name." The priest continues: "The Arimathean took Thee down from the tree, wrapped Thee in the sheet, and placed Thee in the tomb." Etc.

In some traditions there is a pious custom to sprinkle the Epitaphion and the people with rose water as the singers sing the following (which follows verse 175 of the Psalm): "The Myrrh-bearers came at early dawn, and poured out myrrh upon Thy Tomb." The singers continue: "I have gone astray like a sheep that is lost..." Priest: "By Thy Resurrection grant peace to the Church, and salvation to Thy people." Singers: "Glory..." "O Trinity, my God, Father, Son and Spirit, have mercy on the world." "Both now...Amen." "Allow thy servants, 0 Virgin, to see the Resurrection of thy Son."

The first "Praise" of the Third Stasis is not repeated. However, immediately after "Allow thy servants... :" The Resurrectional Amomos ("Blessed art Thou, O Lord, teach...The Angelic choir..."). The chief celebrant (with the deacon) incenses the entire temple. Little Ektenia. The Ecphony: "For Thou art the King of peace, Christ our God, and to Thee we send up glory, to the Father..." Singers: "Amen. They sing the Kathisma (Sedalen) in Tone 1: "Having begged Thy Divine, Immaculate Body from Pilate, Joseph wrapped it in a pure linen shroud, anointed it with aromatic spices, and placed it in a new tomb. Whereupon the Myrrh-bearing Women came in the morning, and asked: Show us the Resurrection, O Christ, that which Thou hast foretold."

While the Kathisma is sung, the priest(s) goes (go) into the Sanctuary, the Royal Doors are closed, and the chief celebrant vests in all of his sacerdotal vestments, as he would for the Liturgy. The rubrics state that the vesting ought to take place during the Ainoi, however, one should use his judgement for the time of vesting.

Following the Kathisma, Psalm 50 is read. After its conclusion, the Kanon of Great Saturday is sung in Tone 6 (or in a special melody): "The children of those who were saved, hid under ground..." The "Refrain" for the troparia of the Odes is: "Glory to Thee, our God, glory to Thee."

After the Third Ode, the Little Ektenia, and the Ecphony: "For Thou art our God, and to Thee we send up glory, to the Father..." The Kathisma (Sedalen), Tone 1: "Thy grave, 0 Saviour..." Following the Sixth Ode, the Little Ektenia, and the Ecphony: "For Thou art the King of peace, and the Saviour of our souls, and to Thee we send up glory, to the Father..." And, the Kontakion in Tone 6: "He Who is Immortal and closed Hades, is beheld dead, is placed in the Tomb. The Women came to anoint Him with myrrh, wept bitterly, and cried: This is the blessed Sabbath, on which Christ, Who fell asleep, will rise the third day."

The Oikos is also sung: "The Almighty ascended the Cross..." The Lesser Incensing is done after the Eighth Ode, but "More honorable than the Cherubim..." is not sung. The deacon (or priest) intones the beginning words of the Ninth Heirmos: "Do not mourn for me, Mother..." and the singers continue: "as you see me in the grave, for I am your Son, conceived in your womb without seed..."

Following the Ninth Ode, the Little Ektenia, and the Ecphony: ‘For all the Powers of Heaven praise Thee, and to Thee we send up glory, to the Father..." The Exaposteilarion is sung three times in Tone 2: "Holy is the Lord our God." Then follows: "Let everything that has breath praise the Lord..."

Now follow the Ainoi in Tone 2, four stichoi and four stichera are appointed. Stichos for four: "Praise Him for His mighty acts, praise Him according to the multitude of His greatness."

"Today the tomb holds Him Who holds creation in His hand. He Who covered the heavens with virtue is covered by a stone. Life sleeps, Hades trembles, and Adam is freed from his bonds. Glory to Thy dispensation, through which Thou hast given eternal rest from all man’s activities, O God, and through Thine All-holy Resurrection from the dead."

Stichos: "Praise Him with sound of trumpet; praise Him with psaltery and harp." "What is the sight we see? What is the present rest? The King of Ages, through His Passions has accomplished the dispensation, keeps the sabbath in the grave, granting to us a new sabbath. Let us call out to Him: Arise, O God, and judge the earth, for Thou dost reign forever, Thou, Who has limitless great mercy."

Stichos: "Praise Him with timbrel and choir; praise Him with strings and organs." "Come, let us look upon Life, lying in the tomb, in order to give life to those in the graves. Come, today, look upon Him sleeping Who descends from Judah, prophetically crying: Thou hast lied down, like a lion, and who will raise Thee, O King? Arise by Thine own authority, willingly giving Thyself for us, Lord, glory to Thee."

Stichos: "Praise Him on high sounding cymbals; praise Him on cymbals of joy. Let every spirit praise the Lord." Tone 6: "Joseph took the body of Jesus and placed it in his new tomb; for it is fitting that He come out of the tomb, as out of a chamber. Thou Who hast crushed the power of death, and opened the gates of paradise for man, Lord, glory to Thee."

"Glory..." Tone 6: "This day is great and mystical, which Moses foreshadowed saying: And God blessed the seventh day. This is the blessed day. This is the day of rest, on which the Only-begotten Son of God rested from all His works, taking His flesh into the tomb, returning through the Resurrection to what He had been, and granting to us life eternal; for He alone is good and the Lover of mankind."

"Both now...Amen." Tone 2: "Most blessed art thou, O Virgin Theotokos. Through Him Who was incarnate of thee, Hades is captive, Adam is recalled, the curse is abolished, Eve is delivered, death is overthrown, and we are given life. Therefore, praising, we cry out: Blessed art Thou, Christ God, Who hast shown Thy pleasure, glory to Thee."

At the singing of "Both now..." the Royal Doors are opened, and the priests come through them to the Epitaphion. The chief celebrant intones: "Glory to Thee, Who hast shown us the light!" The Great Doxology is sung. The chief celebrant and the deacon incenses around the Epitaphion, going around the Tomb three times. During the Great Doxology, the Perezvon is tolled, and continues to be tolled until the Procession with the Epitaphion returns to the temple. The priest (and others) makes three prostrations before the Epitaphion, and at the concluding "Holy God" of the Doxology, sung in the funeral melody, the chief celebrant lifts the Epitaphion from the Tomb, places it above his head, if there are co-celebrating priests, they assist and carry the Epitaphion. If the priest is alone, pious laymen may be asked to assist in carrying the Epitaphion in the Crucession, which may be made inside of the temple if weather does not permit going outdoors. The chief celebrant walks beneath the Epitaphion, carrying the small Gospel on his head.

The procession leaves the Tomb going directly to the back of the temple — to the entrance doors of the church — and makes a left turn (going counter-clockwise) in walking around the temple. The Order for the Procession is as follows: The processional torch or lantern is carried first in the line of procession. Then follow:

• The candle-bearers in pairs, (Altar boys).
• The Processional Cross.
• The deacons, who slowly incense the Epitaphion. An Altar boy may carry the incenser, but he does not swing it.
• The Epitaphion.
• The Choir.
• The people. They carry lighted candles which were lit at the beginning of the Great Doxology.

The singers continue to repeat "Holy God" in a slow funeral melody during the entire time of the Crucession. According to the directives, Bogosluzebnye Ukazaniya, 1957, the procession goes around the temple one time. It may be presumed, that there can be no objection to going around the temple three times, if there is a zealous and a pious motivation for such practice.

After re-entering the temple, the Epitaphion is carried up to the Royal Doors, on the Soleas. After a momentary pause, the chief celebrant intones: "Wisdom! Attend!" The singers respond with the Troparion, "The pious Joseph..." which is sung one time. During the singing of the Troparion, the Epitaphion is returned to the Tomb, carried "feet first." The Gospel is replaced upon the Epitaphion. Following the Troparion, the singers sing the Troparion of the Prophecy in Tone 2: "Thou Who art the holder of bounds, O Christ, wast willingly bound by the tomb. Thou shalt preserve mankind from the fall into Hades, granting to us life and immortality; for Thou art God Immortal."

"Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit: For Thou art God Immortal."

"Both now...Amen." Singers repeat the Troparion of the Prophecy.

After the Epitaphion is placed in the Tomb, it is incensed one time, by circling the Tomb. At the conclusion of the Troparion, the deacon (or priest): "Let us attend."

Reader: The Prokoemenon in Tone 4: "Arise, O Lord, help us and redeem us for Thy Name’s sake. The singers repeat the Prokoemenon. Stichos: O God, we have heard with our ears; our fathers have declared to us. The singers repeat the Prokoemenon. Reader: Arise, O Lord. Singers conclude: Help us and redeem us for Thy Name’s sake."

Deacon (or priest): "Wisdom." Reader: "The reading is from the Prophecy of Ezechiel." Deacon (or priest): "Let us attend." Reader: "The hand of the Lord was upon me..." concluding with, ." ...saith the Lord God." The reading is Ezechiel 37:1-14.

Deacon (or priest): "Let us attend."

Reader: The Prokoemenon in Tone 7: "Arise, O Lord God, let Thy hand be exalted: Forget not the poor unto the end. The singers repeat the Prokoemenon. Stichos: I will give praise to Thee, O Lord, with my whole heart: I will relate all Thy wonders. The singers repeat the Prokoemenon. Reader: Arise, O Lord God, let Thy hand be exalted. Singers: Forget not the poor unto the end."

Deacon (or priest): "Wisdom." Reader: "The reading is from the Epistle of St. Paul the Apostle to the Corinthians." Deacon (or priest): "Let us attend." Reader: "Brethren: Know you not that a little leaven corrupteth the whole lump? Purge out..." I Corinthians 5:6-8, (Section 133), and skip over to Galatians 3:13 (Section 206-3:13-14): "Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law..." concluding with, "that we may receive the promise of the Spirit by faith." The Alleluarion is in Tone 5: "Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia, Tone 5: Let God arise, and let His enemies be scattered: And let them that hate Him flee from before His Face. The singers sing "Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia." Stichos: As the smoke vanishes, so let them vanish: As wax melts before the fire. The singers:- "Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia." Stichos: Let the wicked perish at the presence of God, and let the just rejoice."

Deacon (or priest): "And that we be made worthy to hear the Holy Gospel, let us pray to the Lord God." Singers: "Lord, have mercy. Lord, have mercy. Lord, have mercy." "Wisdom. Attend! Let us hear the Holy Gospel. Peace be to all." "And to thy spirit." "The reading is from the Holy Gospel according to Matthew." Section 114 (27:62-66). Singers: "Glory to Thee, O Lord, glory to Thee." The Gospel is read at the Epitaphion. At its conclusion: "Glory to Thee, O Lord, glory to Thee."

Two ektenias are said at the Epitaphion: The Ektenia of Fervent Supplication ("Let us all say with all our soul and with all our mind..."), and, the Ektenia of Askings ("Let us complete our morning prayer..."); and the rest as for Orthros.

The Dismissal is said on the Ambon. "He Who for our sakes as mankind, and for the sake of our salvation, condescended to endure the terrible sufferings, and the Life-creating Cross, and the voluntary burial in the flesh, Christ our True God, through the prayers of His Immaculate Mother, the holy glorious and all-laudable Apostles, the holy and righteous Joachim and Anna, and all the saints, have mercy and save us, for He is good, and loves mankind."

The singers proceed to sing "Come, let us bless the ever-memorable Joseph..." (See Great Friday Vespers. "Amen" is not said nor sung after the priest’s Dismissal). The kissing of the Epitaphion takes place during the singing — and after.

After the conclusion of the sticheron, "Come, let us bless..." the First Hour is chanted. The Troparion and the Kontakion are taken from the Triodion. The Dismissal is said on the Ambon: "Christ, our True God, through the prayers of His Immaculate Mother, and all saints, have mercy on us and save us, for He is Good and Manlover."

On Great Saturday, — at Orthros, the Hours, Vespers, Liturgy, — all prayers which are normally read on the Soleas, such as, the Entrance Prayers, the ektenias, the Apostle and Gospel, the Great Entrance, are done at the Epitaphion. Holy Communion is given at the Royal Doors, not at the Epitaphion.

Gospel. The reason why the Holy Gospel is carried by the chief celebrant underneath the Epitaphion in the processions is to indicate that He, Who is the Logos, although wrapped in a shroud, is nevertheless the Living Word, attested to in John 1:1.

Head Coverings. In the Procession with the Epitaphion, clergy do not wear the mitre, nor the kamilaukion, nor the skouphos.

Banners. The carrying of the Epitaphion around the temple symbolizes the Burial of Christ. Banners represent Christianity’s victory celebration, and are not carried in the Crucession.

We suggest an easier handling of the Epitaphion may be achieved, as well as preserving it from possible bending or breaking, by carrying it upon a platform. A carrying platform can be made from light plywood, with a handle attached to each of the four corners (and made to fold for easy storage). Thus, the Epitaphion placed upon such a platform by the priest can be carried in the Crucession with proper decorum and handling ease. Since most parishes do not have clergy assistants, those who are chosen to carry the Epitaphion, should be pious laymen. The chosen are offered a distinct honor and privilege to participate in this manner in the Divine worship. The same considerations are reflected for those chosen to carry the Cross, if there are not sufficient number of Altar servers.

The Patriarchal Holy Theophany Cathedral in Moscow observes an ancient Processional Rite. At the beginning of the singing of the Ainoi, the Royal Doors are opened, all the clergy exit from the Sanctuary and come to the Epitaphion. The chief celebrant, with a deacon, incenses the Epitaphion going around the Tomb one time. All the clergy make three prostrations. The priests assist the chief celebrant to carry the Epitaphion through the Royal Doors and place it upon the Altar.

During the singing of the Great Doxology, the chief celebrant incenses the Epitaphion, going around the Holy Altar three times. At the singing of "Holy God," all the clergy make three prostrations. The priests remove the Epitaphion from the Altar. Then, lifting it above the head of the chief celebrant, who carries the small Gospel on his head, they proceed to the right of the Altar and go around it by way of the High Place, and come out of the Sanctuary through the North Deacon’s Door. The Crucession goes outdoors through the main doors (main entrance) of the Cathedral and goes around the exterior of the edifice.

Before beginning to officiate the Hours, the priests recite their Entrance Prayers in preparation for the Liturgy at the Epitaphion, then proceed to the vestry to vest. The Office of Prothesis may be started during the chanting of the Hours, as on Holy Great Thursday. The Typicon states that the "small bell is struck at 10:00 A.M./’ and "we gather to chant the 3rd, 6th, and 9th."

The Third, Sixth, Ninth Hours, and the Typica are said at the Epitaphion. The Typica is read, rather than sung. The Lesser Dismissal is used to which the singers respond: "Lord, have mercy. Lord, have mercy. Lord, have mercy."

The Typicon directs when the bell is to be rung for the call to services. Although the Typicon states that the large bell is struck at "10 of the day" (4:00 P.M. — our time), in the duplicated copies of "An Abridged Typicon," prepared in 1966, read and approved by Metropolitan John (Wendland), we stated: "The time to start this should be as late as possible in the morning as an indication that the ‘liturgical fast’ is broken on the ‘third day’ — i.e., the first liturgical service of the Resurrection. A suggested time is 11 A.M." It was the consensus of a clericum, and it is the view of the compiler of this "Typicon" that the time for starting Vespers with Liturgy should be governed by parish conditions, needs, and the capabilities of the parish clergy (in most cases the "staff" consists of the priest and the precentor). However, this Divine Service should not begin before 11:00 A.M., preferably later.

The Curtain is opened, and the priest, at the Altar intones the Ecphony, "Blessed is the Kingdom..." making the Sign of the Cross over the Antimension with the Gospel, as is usual for the Liturgy. The reader: "Amen." "Glory to Thee..." "Heavenly King..." etc., as on Great Thursday, a complete beginning. Psalm 103 is read. The Great Ektenia is said at the Epitaphion. There is no Kathismata ordered. "Lord, I call..." is sung in Tone 1. Eight stichera are sung: the first three are taken from the Saturday (evening) Great Vespers, Tone 1. Stichos: "Out of the depths I cry..." The sticheron: "Accept our evening prayer..." The fourth sticheron is the first sticheron from the Aposticha of Saturday Great Vespers Tone 1: "By Thy Passion, O Christ, we have been freed from passions (suffering). And by Thy Resurrection we have been delivered from corruption: Lord, glory to Thee." The fifth through the eighth stichera are in the Triodion. ‘Glory..." Tone 6, sticheron in the Triodion; "Both now...Amen," the Dogmatic in Tone 1: "Let us sing the praises of Mary the Virgin, the glory of all the world, who sprang from man and bore the Lord..." (The fifth sticheron is sung two times, hence, it is the 5th and the 6th). During this time the priest with the deacon conclude the Holy Prothesis.

At "Both now..." the Royal Doors are opened. The Little Entrance is made with the Gospel going to the Epitaphion. In front of it: "Wisdom. Attend!" "Gladsome Light..." The Royal Doors are closed, there is no Prokoemenon chanted. "Wisdom!" Reader: "The Reading is from Genesis." "Let us attend." Reader: "In the beginning God created..." (Gen. 1:1-13) Before the reading of each Paroemia, "Wisdom" and "Let us attend" are said.

The 2nd Reading: "The Reading is from the Prophesy of Isaiah." (60:1-16)

The 3rd: "The Reading is from Exodus." (12:1-11)

The 4th: "The Reading is from Jonas." (The entire Book, 1:1-4:11)

The 5th: "The Reading is from Jesus of Nun." (Josue or Joshua, 5:10-15)

The 6th: "The Reading is from Exodus." (13:20-22, 14:1-32, 15:1-19)

The Reader intones: "Let us sing unto the Lord." The Royal Doors are opened. The singers sing in Tone 5: "For gloriously He glorified Himself."

Reader: The horse and the rider he has thrown into the sea. Let us sing unto the Lord. Singers: For gloriously He glorified Himself.

Reader: The Lord is my helper and protector unto salvation. Let us sing... Singers: For gloriously He glorified Himself.

Reader: He is my God, and I will glorify Him: The God of my fathers and I will exalt Him. Let us sing... Singers: For gloriously...

Reader: The Lord overcometh war: Almighty is His Name: Pharaoh’s chariots and his army He cast into the sea. Let us sing... Singers: For gloriously...

Reader: His chosen captains he drowned in the Red Sea. Let us sing... Singers: For gloriously...

Reader: The depths have covered them: They are sunk to the bottom like a stone. Let us sing... Singers: For gloriously...

Reader: Thy right hand, O Lord, is magnified in strength, Let us sing... Singers: For gloriously...

Reader: Thy right hand, O Lord, hast slain the enemy, and by the multitude of Thy glory Thou hast put down Thine adversaries. Let us sing... Singers: For gloriously...

Reader: Thou hast sent Thy wrath which devoured them like stubble, and with the blast of Thy anger, the waters were gathered together. Let us sing... Singers: For gloriously...

Reader: The flowing waters stood, the depths were gathered in the middle of the sea. Let us sing... Singers: For gloriously...

Reader: The enemy said: I will pursue and overtake; I will divide the spoils, my soul shall have its fill. I will draw my sword; my hand shall slay them. Let us sing... Singers: For gloriously...

Reader: Thy wind blew and the sea covered them; they sunk as lead in the mighty waters. Let us sing... Singers: For gloriously...

Reader: Who is like to Thee, among the strong, O Lord? Who is like to Thee, glorious in holiness, terrible and praiseworthy, doing wonders? Let us sing... Singers: For gloriously...

Reader: Thou stretched forth Thy hand, and the earth swallowed them. In Thy mercy Thou hast been a leader to the people which Thou hast redeemed. Let us sing... Singers: For gloriously...

Reader: In Thy strength Thou hast carried them to Thy holy habitation. Nations rose up, and were angry; sorrows took hold on the inhabitants of Philisthiim. Let us sing... Singers: For gloriously...

Reader: Then were the princes of Edom troubled, trembling seized on the stout men of Moab; all the inhabitants of Chanaan became stiff. Let us sing... Singers: For gloriously...

Reader: Let fear and dread fall upon them, in the greatness of Thy arm; let them become immovable as a stone. Let us sing... Singers: For gloriously...

Reader: Until Thy people, O Lord, pass by: Until these Thy people pass by, which Thou hast possessed. Let us sing... Singers: For gloriously...

Reader: Thou shalt bring them in, and plant them in the mountain of Thy inheritance, in Thy most firm habitation which Thou hast made, O Lord, Thy Sanctuary, O Lord, which Thy hands have established. Let us sing... Singers: For gloriously...

Reader: The Lord shall reign for ever and ever. For Pharaoh went in on horseback with his chariots and horsemen into the sea, and the Lord brought back upon them the waters of the sea. Let us sing...Singers: For gloriously...

Reader: But the children of Israel walked on dry ground in the midst thereof. Let us sing... Singers: For gloriously...

Reader: Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit. Let us sing unto the Lord. Singers: For gloriously He glorified Himself.

Reader: Both now, and ever, and unto ages of ages. Amen. Let us sing unto the Lord. The reader himself chants or sings: For gloriously He glorified Himself.

The Royal Doors are closed. Deacon (or priest): "Wisdom." Reader (The 7th Reading): "The Reading is from the Prophesy of Sophonias." (3:8-15). "Let us attend." "Thus saith the Lord..."

The 8th: "The Reading is from Third Kings." (17:8-23. Reader: "Then the word of the Lord came to Elias saying..." The word Elias is omitted in the Bible, the pronoun him is used, therefore, if one uses the Bible to read from, insert Elias for him).

The 9th: "The Reading is from the Prophesy of Isaiah." (61:10-11, 62:1-5)

The 10th: "The Reading is from Genesis." (22:1-18)

The 11th: "The Reading is from the Prophesy of Isaiah." (61:1-9)

The 12th: "The Reading is from Fourth Kings." (4:8-37)

The 13th: "The Reading is from the Prophesy of Isaiah." (63:11-19, 64:1-5’. The Reading begins in the 11th verse, but omitting the first sentence. Instead, when reading from the Bible, one should substitute "Thus saith the Lord: Where is he..." for the first sentence).

The 14th: "The Reading is from the Prophesy of Jeremias." (31:31-34 Insert "Thus saith the Lord: Behold…).

The 15th: "The Reading is from the Prophesy of Daniel" (3:1-88). At the conclusion of it, everyone kneels for the prayer. After the prayer, standing, the reader intones: Praise the Lord and exalt Him unto all ages. The singers repeat the stichos.

The reader chants the following stichoi: All the works of the Lord, bless the Lord.

Singers: Praise the Lord and exalt Him unto all ages (Repeat this after each stichos chanted by the reader).

All angels, bless the Lord. Singers: Praise...

All heaven, bless the Lord. Praise...

All the waters above the heavens, bless the Lord. Praise...

All the Powers of the Lord, bless the Lord. Praise...

The sun and the moon, bless the Lord. Praise...

The stars of heaven, bless the Lord. Praise...

The rain and the dew, bless the Lord. Praise...

All the winds, bless the Lord. Praise...

The fire and heat, bless the Lord. Praise...

All hoarefrost and dews, bless the Lord. Praise...

All nights and days, bless the Lord. Praise...

Light and darkness, bless the Lord. Praise...

Ice and frost, bless the Lord. Praise...

All deserts and frozen wastes, bless the Lord. Praise...

Lightning and clouds, bless the Lord. Praise...

May the earth bless the Lord. Praise...

Mountains and hills, bless the Lord. Praise...

All the things that grow on earth, bless the Lord. Praise...

Springs, bless the Lord. Praise...

Seas and rivers, bless the Lord. Praise...

Whales and all moving creatures of the waters, bless the Lord. Praise...

All the fowls of the air, bless the Lord. Praise...

All beasts and cattle, bless the Lord. Praise...

All the sons of man, bless the Lord. Praise...

Let Israel bless the Lord. Praise...

All priests (of the Lord), bless the Lord. Praise...

All servants (of the Lord), bless the Lord. Praise...

All spirits and souls of the righteous, bless the Lord. Praise...

All the venerable and humble of heart, bless the Lord. Praise...

Ananias, Azarias, and Misael, bless the Lord. Praise...

Apostles, Prophets and Martyrs of the Lord, bless the Lord. Praise...

Let us bless Father, and Son, and Holy Spirit. Praise...

Both now, and ever, and unto ages of ages, Amen. Praise...

Reader: Let us praise, bless and worship the Lord. Singing and exulting unto all ages.

The Little Ektenia is said, and the Ecphony: "For holy art Thou, O our God, and to Thee we send up glory, to the Father..." In place of the Trisagion: "As many as have been baptized into Christ, have put on Christ. Alleluia." The Prokoemenon before the Epistle is in Tone 5: "Let all the earth worship Thee, and sing to Thee, let it sing to Thy Name, O Most High."

Stichos: "Shout with joy to God, all the earth, sing unto His Name."

The Epistle lection is Section 91 (Romans 6:3-11). In place of the Alleluarion, the following is chanted:

Priest: "Peace be to thee (you)." Reader: "And to thy (your) spirit. In the Tone seven: Arise O God, judge Thou the earth; for Thou shalt inherit among all the nations." The singers repeat: "Arise O God..."

Reader: "God has stood in the congregation of gods; and being in the midst of them, He judgeth gods." Singers: "Arise O God..."

Reader: How long will you judge unjustly, and accept the persons of the wicked? "Arise O God..."

Reader: "Judge for the needy and the fatherless: Do justice to the humble and the poor." Singers: "Arise O God..."

Reader: Rescue the poor, and deliver the needy out of the hand of the sinner.

Singers: "Arise O God..."

Reader: They have not known nor understood. They walk in darkness. Singers: "Arise O God..."

Reader: All the foundations of the earth shall be moved. I have said: Thou art God, and all of you the sons of the Most High. But you like men shall die; and shall fall like one of the princes. Singers: "Arise O God..."

Reader: "Arise O God, Judge Thou the earth; for Thou shalt inherit among all the nations."

During the chanting and singing of the "Alleluarion," the priests and deacons (and servers) change their dark-hued vestments, and all the Altar, analogia, etc., coverings from the dark to white, the Paschal color.

The Gospel lection is Section 115 (and Sec. 116, Matthew 28:1-20). The reading of the Gospel is at the Epitaphion. The rest of the Liturgy follows according to the rite of St. Basil the Great with several exceptions: In place of the Cherubicon, the following is sung in Tone 8, (customarily in the Vesper Tone): "Let all mortal flesh keep silence, and stand in fear and trembling, and meditate nothing earthly within itself. For the King of Kings, and the Lord of Lords, comes to be slain, and to give Himself to be the food of the faithful."

The Great Entrance procession comes to the Epitaphion. The priest: "Our great lord and father, the Most holy Patriarch N, (or, Our Most blessed N, Metropolitan of All America and Canada...) and our Most Reverend N, (Arch) Bishop of ... may the Lord God remember in His Kingdom, now and ever, and unto ages of ages. All you Orthodox Christians may the Lord God remember in His Kingdom, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." (Priest, as at all Sunday and Feastday liturgies, says nothing else than the above during the Great Entrance). The singers: "Amen. And before Him also come the Angelic Hosts with all Dominions and Powers, the Many-eyed Cherubim, and the Six-winged Seraphim, covering their faces, and crying out the song: Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia."

In place of ‘‘It is truly meet..." the 9th Heirmos, "Do not mourn for me Mother..." The Koinonicon is (Tone 4):

"The Lord awakened as from sleep, and is risen to save us. Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia."

At the conclusion of the Prayer before the Ambon, said before the Epitaphion, the singers sing the Troparion in the regular Tone 2: "The pious Joseph..." "Glory..." "When Thou didst condescended unto death, O Life Immortal, Thou didst slay Hades by the lightning of Thy Divinity..." "Both now...Amen," "The Myrrh-bearing Women..." The priest incenses around the table on which the tray with five loaves and wine is placed (wheat and oil are not used, and mention of wheat and oil in the Prayer of Blessing is omitted). Deacon (or priest): "Let us pray to the Lord." Singers: "Lord, have mercy." The priest reads the Prayer of Blessing of the loaves and wine, and at its conclusion, the singers sing: "Amen. Blessed be the Name of the Lord from henceforth and forever." (Thrice) The rest according to the Liturgicon. The Dismissal is said on the Ambon (Soleas): "May He Who rose from the dead, Christ our True God..."

After the balance of necessary preparation of the temple is completed (changes of covers, "decorations," etc.), the priest gives the blessing for the reading from the Book of Acts. The reader states: "The Acts of the Holy Apostles. Father, bless the reading." Priest: "Through the prayers of the Holy Apostles, O Lord Jesus Christ, our God, have mercy on us." Reader: "Amen," and begins to read from the Book of Acts. The entire Book of Acts should be read. The reading should continue until it is time for the service of Mesonyctics to begin, or until a few minutes before the service. Several people ought to participate in the reading taking turns. An analogion on which the Epistle (book) is placed, should be located near the Soleas, at a short distance from the Epitaphion, rather than in front of it.

****

Should there be need to bless the Paschal foods before the Midnight Paschal Orthros, the Paschal Troparion, "Christ is Risen..." may not be sung. The Sunday Troparion in Tone 2 is sung: "When Thou didst condescend unto death, O Life Immortal, Thou didst slay Hades by the lightning of Thy Divinity: But when Thou didst also raise the dead from the nethermost abodes, all the Heavenly Powers cried: Thou giver of Life, Christ our God, glory to Thee."

Meat may not be brought into the temple proper. Foods should be blessed in the vestibule, or in such areas as the "parish hall."

****

The priests, assisted by the deacon(s), say their Entrance Prayers in preparation for celebrating the Holy Liturgy before the beginning of the Mesonictics (Polunoscnica). Directives suggest that Mesonyctics begin about 11:20 P.M. Holy Saturday in order that this preparation for the Great Feast be solemnly and unhurriedly officiated.

During the penitential season much is read or chanted in the Divine Services. In contrast, the festive time is recognized by the singing of the services in the ecclesiastical cycle of the year. At Pascha everything is sung: Prayers, Troparia, Hymns, etc., which are normally read at the other services during the year. Mesonictics might be considered the service which is a ‘transition’ between the conclusion of the Triodion usage, and the beginning of the use of the Pentecostarion.

"Before Orthros the temple is filled with sweet savor, in mark of an abundance of grace received by us through Christ’s Resurrection. Two incense vessels are prepared: One is placed in the center of the temple (the nave), and the other in the Sanctuary. They are filled with burning coals upon which is heaped aromatic incense." (Typicon for Pascha)

It is not without purpose that the theme of water is woven throughout the whole Pentecostarion, beginning with the verse from the psalms quoted above, which serves as the Entrance Hymn of the Feast of Feasts, the Great Pascha, and with the invitation in the Canon of the Feast to "drink a new drink," not "brought forth from a barren rock," as in the Old Testament, but which rather "springeth forth from the grave of Christ." Thus, on the Sundays following the Resurrection of the Lord, we are found at the Sheep’s Pool, the Well of Jacob, and the Pool of Siloam. It is during this festive period that we hear concerning the "living water" of which, if one drink, "he will never thirst," and we are taught that our Saviour Himself is this living water, which we receive through the baptismal waters wherein we put on Christ, and likewise at the Cup of Life, which is the very side of our Saviour which was pierced and from which "there flowed forth blood and water" unto remission of sins and life everlasting.

In the Dismissal Hymn of Mid-Pentecost we ask of our Saviour that the "waters of piety" be imparted to our thirsty souls. The Fathers teach us that this feast stands in the middle of the fifty-day period from Pascha to Pentecost as a mighty flowing river of divine grace which has these two great feasts as its source. It is as if the grace of the two auspicious feasts of Pascha and Pentecost are united at Mid-Pentecost. This feast was held in great esteem by our holy Elder Joseph the Cave Dweller of the Holy Mountain (s 1959). Every year he would await it with great expectancy and would especially prepare for it in order to receive the "waters of piety." He would delight and exult in the feast as one that had been converted and become a child. Many were the ascents in his heart and great the divine vision which he received on this feast as a soul truly thirsty.

The Elder Joseph’s love for the feast of Mid-Pentecost was imparted to the founder of our community, and it is celebrated with great anticipation and devoutness in the monastery. For many years our founder has taught us that this is the feast day wherein Christ the Holy Wisdom is celebrated. He surmised this from evidence found in the text of the service, such as the phrases, "Thou, the Wisdom of God, didst come to the temple at Mid-feast…" (the Aposticha of Vespers of Mid-Pentecost), "For they knew not that Thou art the Wisdom that fashioned the world.…" (Glory of the Aposticha of Vespers), "Thou, O Saviour, dost pour out for all the world living waters of wisdom and endless life…" (Glory of the Sessional Hymn of Matins), "As it is written, the Wisdom of God came into the temple at Mid-feast…" (Eighth Ode of the Second Canon of Matins), "The Divine Wisdom, Might, and Peace… the eternal Word, the Son of the living God..." (Stichera of the Praises of Matins). Of late, the eminent Greek scholar Constantine Kalokyre has written a study entitled "The Churches of the Wisdom of God and the Date of their Celebration," which appeared in the periodical Saint Gregory Palamas, no. 71(723) (1988), pages 538-617. He comes to the same conclusion, that the Church of the Holy Wisdom celebrated its feast day on Mid-Pentecost. However, at the present time we have no written or oral testimony indicating when the feast of the Holy Wisdom was celebrated in Constantinople before the fall of the city to the Turks in 1453.

Water is a precious element. Without it there is no life. In Genesis we learn that all life began in the waters and is sustained by water. In the Dismissal Hymn for Mid-Pentecost our Saviour is addressed as the "Well-spring of life." In the Gospel for the feast of Pentecost we hear Him saying, "If any man thirst, let him come unto Me and drink." On Pentecost we have grace rained on us, irrigating and watering our parched souls and bodies that we might bud forth and have a great harvest. The Pentecostarion concludes with the Sunday of All Saints, which is the harvest of the outpouring of Pentecost.

Already in the Old Testament, many important events took place at springs of water and at the Jordan and other bodies of water, prefiguring the spiritual realities that were revealed in the fullness of time with the coming in the flesh of our Lord and Saviour.

This holy book is filled with the "waters of piety," and blessed are they that partake thereof. It should be studied privately as spiritual reading, so that one would be better acquainted with the hymns when they are chanted in church. The liturgical books of the Church are a divine university wherein we are schooled in the things of God. They contain the divine vision and the ascents of the heart and mind of God-bearing Fathers. They reveal to us the deep meaning of the redemptive acts of God which we celebrate in the feasts. As Saint John Chrysostom proclaims in his Paschal Homily, "Let no one lament his poverty, for the Kingdom is made manifest to all." For even though we have not reached the spiritual level to have divine vision — theoria — and ascents ourselves, yet through the hymnology of the Church and the homilies of the Fathers, we have both vision and hearing and are able in part to experience and taste the things of God. Through the eyes and hearts of the Fathers we are able to enter into the mysteries of faith. Through their vision and illumined minds and hearts, as expressed in the hymns and sacred writings, we are able to have perception and intuitions which otherwise would not be possible for us. Through them our vision and hard hearts are opened to divine illumination. They set for us a banquet that we might partake and be filled.

It is with trembling and trepidation, beloved Christians, that we have undertaken the translation of the liturgical books of the Church into English from the original Greek. We take seriously the injunction in the Old Testament, "Cursed be he that doeth the works of the Lord carelessly" (Jeremias 31:10 in the Seventy; 48:10 in the Hebrew). Accordingly, we take great care to check and re-check our work before printing it. We are well aware of our responsibility before God and the Church that our work be as faithful to the original as possible. We endeavor, therefore, to execute it with the fear of God and with piety. Our diligence in this respect has been greatly appreciated by the faithful in the several publications of Church material which our community has been deemed worthy to print. We have spared neither time nor labor nor funds, that the presentation of our editions be as fine as possible, and we intend to continue to work in this manner.

Bur this necessarily means that our work proceeds somewhat slowly — too slowly for some people. The present volume is a case in point. For some years now we have had the Pentecostarion translated in manuscript form, well knowing, however, that it was deficient in many respects. Out of pastoral concern we shared it with some friends of the monastery, with the understanding that it would not be reproduced and further distributed in any form, pending our publication of the final revised and corrected text. Then, more recently, when we had already commenced a thorough examination and revision of the translation with a view to publishing it, we received a letter from one of our friends informing us that "after considerable soul-searching concerning the collision between various components of my conscience, and consultation with my spiritual elders, I have concluded that I can no longer be a party to the withholding of any liturgical materials which I may be so fortunate as to have at my disposal from those who would use them in order better to pray." The person then proceeded to make known to us the conditions under which he intended to make copies and distribute the manuscript. He ended his letter by informing us, "Should you refuse to permit such an arrangement, I feel obligated by my commitment to the liturgical life of the Church to make it available anyway to those who request it (requesting only a donation to cover costs and time for its duplication) until such time as Holy Transfiguration Monastery either makes photocopies publicly and generally available, or publishes a final version — or a complete Pentecostarion becomes available from some other source. I recognize that you may with justice accuse me of not keeping my word, and I repent of having ever gotten myself into such a situation — and hasten to assure you (as borne witness by the fact that I never to this point allowed a copy to be made) that when I made that commitment I had not the slightest intention of ever violating it. For my failure, I beg your forgiveness and your prayers that I may be judged not by that failure, but by my intention to aid those who seek to pray."

Since then, copies of that draft translation of the Pentecostarion have been in circulation. Should one make even a cursory comparison of that text with the present printed version, one will perceive the great difference between them. The entire translation has been checked against the original, errors have been corrected, the grammar and syntax have been re-examined, whole sections have been metered to be chanted to the original Greek melodies — in short, the complete work has been revised by a group of competent translators, members of our monastic community.

The above-mentioned episode and similar occurrences have greatly saddened our brotherhood and have forced us to make it our policy not to share our manuscript liturgical translations before they are printed in their final form. We therefore ask the faithful to be patient, and also to pray that your patience will be rewarded. Hasty and faulty translations are a disservice to the divine services of the Church. We have every intention, the Lord willing, in due time to share all our liturgical translations (i.e., the full Octoechos, the Triodion, the twelve volumes of the Menaia, etc.) with all who thirst for this living water of the Church. We have consistently and in a responsible way been attempting this throughout the years: a little more patience and all will be able to share in the fruits of this labor.

Remember us, beloved Christians, fellow pilgrims and sojourners in this conversation here below, and pray that we find mercy in the Day of the Lord.

The Lord God commanded His people Israel through Moses, the seer of God, to X. keep a feast to Him three times in the year. The first was "the feast of unleavened bread," the Passover (Pascha), and the second was the "feast of the harvest of first fruits" (Exodus 23:14-16). Between these two great feasts was a period of fifty days according to the scriptural ordinance: "And ye shall number to yourselves from the day after the Sabbath, from the day on which ye shall offer the sheaf of the wave offering, seven full weeks: until the morrow after the last week ye shall number fifty days" (Lev. 23:15-16).

Since the second feast was forty-nine days after the sheaf was offered on Passover, that is, after seven weeks (a week of weeks), the Hebrews called it the feast of weeks — "Seven weeks shalt thou number to thyself… and thou shah keep the feast of weeks to the Lord" (Deut. 16:9-10) — and so is it called among the Jews to this day.

"Pentecost" is derived from the ordinal form of the Greek word for the number fifty, i.e., **. During the Hellenistic period this term was applied to the fiftieth day after Passover even in the Old Testament scriptures. "In the feast of Pentecost, which is the holy feast of seven weeks…" (Tobit 2:1). "And after the feast called Pentecost…" (11 Mace. 12:32).

The original feast was a joyous festival of thanksgiving for the first fruits of the harvest, completing that thanksgiving begun on the Passover with the sheaf of the wave offering and the new lamb. The Lord commanded for the Passover: "Then shall ye bring a sheaf, the first fruits of your harvest, to the priest; and he shall lift up the sheaf before the Lord… And ye shall offer, on the day on which ye bring the sheaf, a lamb without blemish" (Lev. 23:10-12). Pentecost was linked to Passover because it was reckoned as being fifty days after, and the harvest offering begun on Passover was completed with offered loaves made from the grain of the completed harvest whose first fruits had been offered at Passover.

Although the day of Pentecost is marked as one of the three great feasts of the Temple of the Law, it differs from the others in that it is not celebrated for a full week. A feast was customarily celebrated for a week, with the first day and the last — the eighth day — being especially solemn. Since this great feast of weeks was celebrated for only one day and was not completed and fulfilled in a week of observance as were the other feasts, attention was once more directed back to the Passover which began the computation and the offering which was ended and completed in Pentecost. Although this feast is fifty days after instead of the usual seven, this linkage implies that in some way Pentecost is the seal and completion of Passover according to the customary manner of keeping festival. Herein is a foreshadowing of the time when the whole period will be rendered sacred, when the types and prefigurings of the Old Testament find fulfillment in the redemption wrought by our Saviour.

Moses was the instrument that the Lord used to deliver His people from Egypt. The feast celebrating this deliverance was kept according to the ordinance of Moses also. Along with the linkage mentioned above, Passover and its period of celebration was inextricably associated with Moses. When we consider his forty-day sojourn on Mount Sinai to receive the Law, it would be easy to associate it with the fifty days between Passover and Pentecost. All these linkages and associations which we have spoken of inspired the development during the century or so before our Lord’s Incarnation of a commemoration of the giving of the Law on the feast of Pentecost. Israel commemorates and celebrates its salvation at the Passover and then returns the first-fruit offering of obedience to the Law fifty days later, as a token of thanksgiving for deliverance and for the Law.

The shadows received fulfillment and new significance in our Saviour’s dispensation : the work of salvation wrought at Pascha and the new, living Law of the Holy Spirit inscribed on the living tablets of the disciples’ hearts at Pentecost. With our Saviour’s Resurrection, His continual physical presence from Pascha to His Ascension sanctified this period. Our Saviour delivered us on Pascha, the first great day of the feast; and the seal of the feast is that great day of the descent of "another Comforter," Who will insure the continual presence of the Lord in our hearts for all our life. This is the completion and purpose of our deliverance: that being delivered, we persevere therein through communion with the immortal life in the Holy Spirit.

On account of the consecration of our Lord’s physical presence after Pascha and the bestowal of the Holy Spirit, the whole fifty days became a unified, special time. Apostolic legislation, according to the Twentieth Canon of the First Ecumenical Council, decreed that there be no fasting or kneeling during this season. The word "pentecost," which can properly be applied only to the fiftieth day since it means "fiftieth," came to signify the whole season of fifty days. Today, the word means both the season of fifty days and the day of the feast, the fiftieth day.

The name was carried over to hymns composed for the season. Such a hymn is called a "pentecostarion," and the book in which the hymns and services for this season are collected is called the Pentecostarion.

Hymns were written for the services of the church in order to distinguish and celebrate the season of Pentecost. Eventually the texts proper to the season were collected into books for convenient use. The manuscript collections were not uniform in content or name. For example, Du Cange lists the manuscript Regio Cod. 2492, which has the title "Triodion beginning from the Saturday of Righteous Lazarus until All Saints." Here the services of Holy Week, Pascha, Pentecost and the week after, ending in All Saints, were considered a unity; although in the present-day service books, Holy Week is part of the Triodion, which contains the services for Great Lent. Nonetheless, Great Lent had always been considered a distinct, self-contained period. Even today, Great Lent ends on Friday of the sixth week, and Lazarus Saturday and Palm Sunday are considered to be liturgically outside of Lent. Holy Week is not part of Great Lent.

A list of the known authors of the hymns of the Pentecostarion indicates that most of them flourished before the tenth century. Their names are either placed in an inscription over the hymn or, in the Canons, are in the form of an acrostic. In the prologue to the 1836 edition published by Bartholomew from Imbros, a monk of the Monastery of Koutloumousiou on the Holy Mountain of Athos, the list reads: Saints John Damascene, Cosmas of the Holy City, Andrew of Crete, Germanus, Theophanes, Anatolius, and Joseph (of the hymns ascribed to Joseph, it is not known which were written by Saint Joseph, the brother of Saint Theodore the Studite, and which by Saint Joseph the Hymnographer), who are well known and identifiable. Bartholomew mentions a few others whose identification is unknown or uncertain: Koumoulas, Arsenius, Leo the Sovereign [**], and John Arclas. Writers of the fourteenth century were Nicephorus, the son of Callistus Xanthopoulus, who also wrote the service for the Life-giving Spring, and Metrophanes, Metropolitan of Smyrna. According to Bartholomew, nothing is known of Koumoulas. The hymns inscribed "by Leo the Sovereign" were most likely written by Emperor Leo the Wise (* 911), and were probably written before his accession to the throne. Arsenius was most likely the renowned monk who lived in Constantinople at the end of the ninth century and the beginning of the tenth and was the author of the Canon in the Service of Holy Unction. The writer John Arclas is identified as being Saint John Damascene by a majority of authorities. "Arclas," in the hellenized Latin of Byzantium, means a "bartizan," a fitting epithet for Saint John, who was a great defender of the Faith. In any case, by the fourteenth century, the text of most of the services was written and collected into manuscripts with little uniformity of organization.

The advent of printing accelerated the compilation of the Church’s service books and brought greater uniformity. The forms set in those early years are definitive for the editions of today except in minor details. The Pentecostarion in its final form contains the services for Pascha and the days after until Pentecost, Pentecost itself and the week after, ending in All Saints. The editions of the Pentecostarion, their history, dates, and publishers, are listed in the Prologue to the 1836 edition of Bartholomew mentioned previously, published in Venice. This edition is the one which became general among the Greek-speaking Churches and is the prototype for all later editions, including ours.

Bartholomew writes that the Pentecostarion was the first Church service book printed after the Psalter. The Psalter’s first edition was that of John Craston in Milan, 1481, and then that of Alexander of Candia in Venice, i486. An edition of the Pentecostarion was proposed by Justin Decadyos from Corfu at the Aldine Press in Venice, and Bartholomew believes that it was published in the latter years of the fifteenth or early in the sixteenth century. He bases his conjecture on the witness of the edition of James Leonginus, printed in Venice in 1579, which states that the many previous editions of the Pentecostarion published by others were not so replete with hymns, Canons, Synaxaria, and so forth, as was his edition. Whatever the truth of the matter is, the earliest edition of the Pentecostarion ever catalogued is the edition of 1568, printed by Andrew and James Spinelli in Venice.

Other printers and publishers followed, issuing editions with more or less material according to each one’s taste. For example, the edition of 1568 contains a service of Great Hours for Pentecost, written by the priest Nicholas Malaxus, who flourished around 1538. Some later editions retained it; others deleted it or did not accept it. The 1769 edition by Nicholas Glycys of Joannina, who published the first of many Pentecostaria in 1681, was the model which Bartholomew claims that he used for his edition of 1836 "which has no other differences from previous editions except for this prologue." Later editions up to modern times followed Bartholomew’s edition exactly, including the prologue. We used the i860 impression of Bartholomew’s edition, printed by the Phoenix Press in Venice.

The printed Pentecostarion in use among the Slavs is apparently based on an edition prior to that of Bartholomew’s. Probably the manuscript texts were originally brought to Saint Theodosius of the Kiev Caves Monastery along with the Studite Rule from Constantinople in the eleventh century. Almost all of the texts were then extant in Greek and only awaited translation into Slavonic. When books began to be printed, the Slavic publishers attempted to conform their editions to those of the Greeks, but earlier than Bartholomew, so there are some slight differences, which we will now indicate. Although the name Pentecostarion is noted, the prevailing title in Slavonic is The Floral Triodion, which probably arises from the main textual difference from the Greek books: the inclusion of Resurrectional Triodia for every day. These Triodia are appended at the end and are ascribed to Joseph. A note explains that these were to be chanted during the Liturgy, presumably at the Beatitudes. The note goes on to say that the Greeks use them in Compline instead. The Slavic editions do not contain the Trinitarian Canons for Nocturns written by Metrophanes of Smyrna, nor do they append the Gospel readings at Matins for the Sundays during Pentecost, as do the Greek books. We found little available material for the history of the Slavonic text of the Pentecostarion. However, we often consulted it as a model for an Orthodox translation of the Greek texts and as an aid in resolving certain ambiguities in the original texts.

Apart from the acrostics of the Canons, which we could not retain in translation, our text is faithful to that of Bartholomew, with the following exceptions: We did not translate his introduction, which is more concerned with the history of Greek printing, but we have proffered his salient historical and textual notes in our introductions; and we omitted the notes of the Synaxarion at the sixth Ode of the Sunday Canons, since they are never read in the services, and also the text of the Matins Gospels, which had been appended for the convenience of the clergy when books were scarce.

This chosen and holy day is the first of the sabbaths, the queen and lady, the feast of feasts, and the festival of festivals." This is the radiant feast of Pascha, the very heart of Christian life; it is the Eighth Day, the Resurrection; it is Christ Himself, Who is "the Resurrection and the Life" (John 11:25). The service of Pascha is also the heart of the liturgical year, and the services of the paschal season are contained in the Pentecostarion. No other text of the Church surpasses the Pentecostarion in beauty; no other text is dearer to the faithful. Until this time the Pentecostarion has not been available in English in its entirety, translated from the original Greek. We thank God that with the publication of the present volume we now have this most precious of the Church’s liturgical texts in our own language.

We have used as the basis of our translation the Greek edition of the Pentecostarion published at Venice in 1836 by Bartholomew of the Monastery of Koutloumousiou on the Holy Mountain of Athos. Quotations from the Psalms are taken from The Psalter According to the Seventy, published by the monastery. Other excerpts from the Scripture have been made from the Orthodox texts (that of the Septuagint in the case of passages from the Old Testament, and that of the Received Text in the case of passages from the New Testament) as given in the Pentecostarion, with reference to these texts as they were translated in the Authorized Version of the Bible.

As in our other liturgical publications, we have chosen to render the entire Pentecostarion using traditional liturgical English. In this we are not alone, for a number of other recent translations of Orthodox texts have been published that employ this same style. The conscious use of an idiom that differs from everyday speech has a long history in the Orthodox world; Byzantines, Slavs, Arabs, Georgians, as well as the Latin Fathers, all composed their liturgical texts in a language that differed significantly from what was spoken in the market places. It might be pointed out that the differences between liturgical and demotic Greek, or between Church Slavonic and modern Russian, are much greater than the differences between Jacobean English and modern English. This decision, however, might be questioned by those who favor the use of the modern vernacular for liturgical texts and for translations of the Holy Scriptures.

What linguistic style is worthy to be used for the hymns of the Church, a body of writings that, for the Orthodox Christian, forms part of Sacred Scripture itself? What fitting medium will we employ to express the loftiest mysteries of the Faith? What vehicle will we provide for hymns that are not so much compositions, as revelations of the Holy Spirit? As with every other offering made to God, only the best will do. The Elizabethan and Jacobean era witnessed the finest flowering of the English language, during which it reached a height it had not known before, and has not known since.

It is required of a language that it be capable of the breadth of expression demanded by the text, which in our case consists of the Divine Services. Traditional liturgical English is strikingly capable in this respect, since in many instances the characteristic words and phrases were developed specifically to render, in English, Christian writings that were composed in Koine Greek, a task very similar to ours. These words and phrases have been used for centuries now with a Christian import. Thus they have a distinct use and are well suited to represent Greek theological concepts in English.

Another desirable characteristic of a liturgical language is fixity of form. This has the practical advantage of enabling a newly translated text to incorporate vocabulary and phraseology that conform to texts written or translated over a long period of time. By translating in the English of the Authorized Version, we make the scriptural allusions in the text instantly recognizable, and the wealth of associated meanings such allusion carries is immediately accessible. This same style has also been used in translations of the writings of the Fathers, and the valuable textual similarities here would likewise be lost had we used modern English idiom.

We have not, however, adopted the vocabulary of the Authorized Version uncritically. Some words have become obsolete or have changed in meaning, such as "to let," meaning "to restrain"; others have acquired heterodox theological connotations that are unacceptable in an Orthodox text, such as "propitiation" and "atonement." In place of such words we have evolved a terminology that is unencumbered by the misconceptions of Western religious thought.

Of the many words in the Pentecostarion that never confronted the translators of the King James Bible, we will note three as examples of the many that could have been enumerated. The first is (**p. 18 evvkogtoltoc), which we have rendered as "enhypostatic." This particular theological term usually refers to the second Person of the Holy Trinity, as in the phrase "the enhypostatic Word," which signifies that the Word was a true Person, endowed with a hypostasis. The Church Fathers also use this term to convey the sense that in the unity of Christ’s divine and human natures, the hypostasis of the Word of God incorporated human nature into His person or hypostasis, that is, both natures were "in one hypostasis."

The second is (**p. 19 Ttpoavap/oq), which we have rendered as "beginningless from before all time," "unoriginate from before all time," or, in one instance, "pre-beginningless." If one were to ask, "Can anything be ‘beginningless’ and not ‘from before all time’?" we would point out that these are literal renderings of phrases that were used by the Fathers to fortify and safeguard the teaching of God’s incomprehensibility and transcendence in what is known as apophatic theology.

The third is (**p. 19 ovioq), which we have rendered as "before all time," "before the ages," or "before all eternity." In the Fathers of the Church, the ***alow, the "aeon," refers directly to the Orthodox doctrines of creation, to that first moment which, according to Saint Basil the Great, is different from what preceded it, that is, God and His timelessness and eternity, and from what followed it, that is, the element of time as we humans understand it. The ** is that superphysical dimension in which the Angels were created and exist, and is the duration that contains time within it. The term ** is used to indicate that God transcends not only time, but even our comprehension of eternity. The word ** among other instances, in a number of hymns to the Theotokos, to convey the wonder that He Who was even "before all eternity" was born of the holy Theotokos.

When faced with the difficulties of translating such phrases, some have favored transliterations as the only way of preserving the theology of the original term. Some words can only be transliterated, and some transliterations, "hypostasis" for example, have been used by English writers for over four hundred years. When no such transliteration exists, however, we have avoided inventing one, believing it to be of more benefit to give at least a part of the meaning in comprehensible English rather that resorting to such heavy-handed transliterations as "pre-aeonic," whose ungainliness is matched by its lack of meaning for the reader.

An expressly liturgical language is intended not only to function as a suitably dignified medium, however, but also to cultivate an awareness of the division between the sacred and the profane. This division is evident in every material manifestation of the Church — in her architecture, her vestments, her music, her iconography. In each of these the Church has her own mode of expression which is quite different from that of this world.

Many object to such a distinction, maintaining that it is a false dichotomy that lessens the immediacy of God in the world. On the contrary, Orthodoxy’s assumption of material forms that differ from those of this world is an assertion of the two central realities of man’s relationship to God, namely, that man has fallen away from God, and that God has come to man to restore him. Man’s fall is apparent in the secular arts, material expressions of a fallen mind, products of a nature tainted by sin; God’s presence in creation takes perceptible form in the Church, which manifests God’s deifying grace and the transformation thereby of created substance.

If the Church’s art were identical with that of fallen man, then there would be no material expression of our sanctification, and the Church would have surrendered its witness to man’s redemption, since our redemption is made possible by the assumption of materiality (specifically, of our human nature) by the Immateriate. Man’s mode of expression is influenced by man’s sinfulness, while the Church’s mode of expression is divinely inspired, and they cannot be identical. Thus, the existence of an expression unique to the Church is evidence not of God’s distance from man but of His presence in our midst.

Man is a fallen creature, and the purpose of the Church in the world is the deification of man, not the humanization of God. The Church — that is, Christ — achieves man’s deification through participation in created human nature, and man appropriates this deification by participation in the Divine, in the life of the Church. This meeting of the Divine and the human occurs not only on an intellectual plane, but in everything that pertains to man, including his physical senses. The influence that even the secular arts (such as painting, literature, and music) have on the soul is very great, because of the integral unity of man’s body and soul. In the Church, sanctified creation generates spiritualized arts that adorn, express, and elucidate the Mysteries (sacraments) of the Church, and so are a means of man’s sanctification and deification; hence iconography and chant and the literary corpus of the Church are Mysteries in their own right. These spiritualized arts exert on a man’s soul a perceptible influence that contends with that wielded by the secular arts, and they finally surpass the latter in influence by virtue of their capacity to deify. For this reason, it is important that the iconography and the chant used in church adhere strictly to the norms established by the Fathers, for exposure to the pure expression of the Church’s Mysteries immerses one in their deifying influence. In the words of Saint Paul, "Be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind" (Romans 12:2).

In addition to the liturgical English used in the translation, we have striven to preserve the metrical conventions of the original hymns. Our monastery received its typicon from the Holy Mountain, Athos; hence in our services, we employ the traditional, ecclesiastical chant. Our decision to base our translations upon this same chant was influenced by many factors over a long period of time; the most important of these is that by experience we know the great spiritual power contained in the poetically metered hymns that were composed by such God-inspired men as Saint John Damascene and Saint Romanus the Melodist.

Aside from the usual labor involved in a translation of any sort, a metered version must conform to the requirements of the meter without sacrificing accuracy of meaning. While some adaptations and elaboration's have been necessary for the sake of the meter, we have kept these to the barest minimum out of respect for the original Greek. We felt encouraged in this direction by the example of Saints Cyril and Methodius; according to Obolensky (Dimitri Obolensky, The Byzantine Commonwealth — Eastern Europe, 500-1453, New York: Praeger Publishers, 1971), p. 327), these two missionary Saints translated the services of the Church into Slavonic after the pattern of the original prosomia. They resorted to a textually defensible paraphrase in order to conform the Slavonic to the Byzantine meter, thereby foregoing a literal translation. The detailed studies of the musicologist Milos Velimirovic (Milos M. Velimirovic, Byzantine Elements in Early Slavic Chant: The Hirmologion, Volume of Appendices, Copenhagen: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1960)) confirm Obolensky’s opinion. The successors of Saints Cyril and Methodius, on the other hand, translated very literally and even preserved the word order of the original, abandoning any attempt at reproducing the meter. It must be said that, inasmuch as English averages a far lower number of syllables per word than Slavonic and boasts a decidedly larger vocabulary, it is far easier to render the Greek in a metered English version that it must have been to do the same in Slavonic.

Translating the hymns of the Church into English in metered forms that mirror their original prototypes is very laborious, but it is not impossible. We were anticipated in this by Father Michael Gelsinger (Father Theodore in the monastic tonsure), whose pioneering efforts in this field were phenomenal, though to this day they remain largely unknown, since the bulk of his work was never published. We ourselves have published metered English translations of the Small and Great Supplicatory Canons to the Mother of God, a Supplicatory Canon to Saint Nectarios of Aegina, and the Lamentations of Matins of Holy and Great Saturday. In addition, much as yet unpublished metered material is chanted in the services at the monastery. At present we are preparing the complete Menaion for publication.

Many of the hymns in the Pentecostarion are prosomia, that is, hymns chanted to prescribed melodies. The title at the heading of these hymns indicates the melody to which the hymns conform. Those proficient in Orthodox liturgical music will have learned many of these melodies. For those who know the prosomia titles by their Greek designations, we have provided an index listing the title as it appears in our translation and the corresponding Greek title. In time, with the help of God, we intend to make a recording of these melodies which would allow others to learn them.

For the sake of simplicity we have tried to avoid the metrical variations that frequently occur in the prosomia. When the variant was obviously preferable, or where a correct (though paraphrased) translation could not be had without it, the established variant was allowed in the English. Whenever the dogmatic accuracy of the text could not be reconciled with the meter, the latter was subordinated in favor of exact theological expression.

We have observed certain conventions in order to standardize some irregularities of English pronunciation. For instance, the weak vowel in "suffering," "victory," and "reverence" is sometimes elided (as is often done in daily speech) and is indicated as such by an apostrophe: thus "suff’ring," "vict’ry," and "rev’rence." When these words appear without the apostrophe, all the syllables are given their full value. Certain words vary in the number of their syllables according to the speaker; in our text, only the meter will indicate which variant is being used in a given instance for such words as "radiant," "initiate," "glorious," and "illustrious." There are some words that contain silent syllables which are never pronounced and so appear in our text without an apostrophe; "sovereign" and "every" are always pronounced "sov’reign" and "ev’ry," and the adverbial ending "-ically" is always pronounced "-ic’ly." Some monosyllables are occasionally pronounced as two syllables; in our usage they are always treated as single syllables. Examples of these include "child," "fire," and "nail." Words of more than one syllable that tend to be similarly lengthened are not so handled here; thus "desire," "inquire," and "avail" are all two syllables. Lastly, we cite two conventions peculiar to our text: "blessed," as an adjective, is always disyllabic, while its variant form "blest" is a single syllable; and "diverse" is stressed on the final syllable, "divers" on the first. A careful review of the hymns before they are actually chanted in church will clarify what metrical stress is required for the hymns to fit the meter.

A glossary has been added at the end of this volume as a guide to the specialized vocabulary that is necessary to specify the many types of hymns, parts of the services, and locations in an Orthodox church referred to in the Pentecostarion.

A number of the original hymns contain prayers for the emperor and for his triumph over the **p.22. Here we have followed most translators of Orthodox texts today in rendering these as prayers for the hierarchs (the spiritual authority substituted for the temporal) or for the faithful, that they be granted victory over adversaries, or over heresy.

In many of the Canons, the initial letters of the hymns in themselves form verses or other ingenious devices. Since it has not been possible to retain these acrostics in English, references to them in the Greek Pentecostarion have not been translated.

We have retained the rubrics given at the Canons of Matins indicating the number of troparia to be read, even though current practice often differs from place to place.

With the exception of the Megalynaria of the Ninth Ode of the Paschal Canon, we have not taken the liberty of inserting the refrains said between the troparia of the Canons (such as, "Glory to Thy Holy Resurrection, O Lord"; "Glory to Thee, our God, glory to Thee"; "Most Holy Mother of God, save us"; "O Saints of God, intercede in our behalf"), since these are not actually specified in the Pentecostarion, and differ according to local custom.

Acknowledging our own shortcomings, we pray that the imperfections of our work will not detract from the holiness of this book. May it instead redound unto the glory of God, and may the radiant beauty of the Resurrection which shines in it be "a light of revelation for the nations." May the new Israel, which sojourns in the spiritual desert of this world, slake her thirst with these waters and be reminded that in her exile she has with her the spiritual Rock, even until she enters the Promised Land.

The priest is vested in the Epitrachelion. The Royal Doors and the Curtain are closed. On the Soleas, the priest intones the Ecphony: "Blessed is our God, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages/’ The reader: "Amen. Holy God..." etc ("Heavenly King..." is not said), "Come let us worship..." The priest goes into the Sanctuary and the reader chants Psalm 50. At its conclusion, the Kanon is sung, "The children of those who were saved, hid under ground..." If there is more than one priest, it is proper for the priest to chant the troparia of the Odes at the Epitaphion. Following the third Ode, the Kathisma is said; after the sixth, the Kontakion and the Oikos of Great Saturday. At the beginning of the 9th Ode, the Curtain and the Royal Doors are opened, the priest (and deacon), now fully vested, exit from the Sanctuary through the Royal Doors and incense the Epitaphion circumambulating the Tomb three times. As the Katabasia (of the 9th Ode) is sung, at the words, "For I will rise again," the priest lifts the Epitaphion from the Tomb, carries it through the Royal Doors and places it upon the Altar. The deacon walks in front of the priest incensing the Epitaphion. The Epitaphion remains on the Holy Altar until the Apodosis of Pascha.

The "Liturgical Directives" stress that a parish church should have a second "Altar Epitaphion" (one where the iconographic portion of the Epitaphion is a large flat area), if the one that is carried in Procession and placed in the Tomb is ornate, and made in such fashion that it has little or no flat surface for the Chalice and the Discarion to be placed upon it safely, without danger of tipping over.

If a second Epitaphion is used, it is placed upon the Altar at the conclusion of Mesonyctics, replacing the ornate one. The ornate Epitaphion is placed in its customary repository. The Epitaphion is not carried in any other procession until the following year at Holy and Great Friday.

After the Epitaphion is placed upon the Altar, the Royal Doors and the Curtain are closed. At the conclusion of the Kanon, the reader chants the Trisagion, "All-holy Trinity," "Our Father." Singers: "Amen." The Troparion in Tone 2: "When Thou didst condescend..." Following the Troparion, the Abridged Ektenia of Fervent Supplication is said on the Soleas (see the first part of Orthros). The priest makes the Lesser Dismissal on the Soleas: "May Christ our True God, through the prayers of His Immaculate Mother, and all saints, have mercy on us and save us, for He is good and loves mankind."

Before the Orthros, all clergy vest in Paschal white vestments. The preparation for the Crucession should be made in silence, in a semi-darkened temple, with decorum and with awe awaiting the "great moment." It may also be practical to pass the offering plates immediately before the Crucession is lined up. The Pastor should appoint a Master of Ceremonies who will line up the people in the center aisle of the temple. When the time, is nearing midnight, all the faithful should light their candles which are carried in the Crucession. The lantern leads the Procession:

1. The Processional torch or lantern, carried by an Altar boy.
2. The Processional Cross, carried by an Altar boy, or by a pious man who is vested in a Sticharion.
3. The Processional icon of the Theotokos. This is the icon normally mounted in the standing base in the Sanctuary which has a long carrying handle (like the Cross). A pious lady, perhaps the Sisterhood President, may carry this icon.
4. The Banners are carried in pairs (side by side), as many as there may be in the temple.
5. The Altar boys in pairs with their processional candles.
6. The singers (choir) in pairs.
7. The deacons with incensers, the highest ranking deacon carries the large deacon’s candle.
8. The priests in pairs, youngest in rank walk first. The Holy Gospel is carried on a cloth by one of the higher ranking priests, also the Icon of the Resurrection is carried on a cloth by one of the ranking priests. The Artos is not carried in this Procession because it is not blessed. It is carried in all subsequent Paschal Processions. If there is one priest, the Gospel and the Icon of the Resurrection are carried, on cloths, by pious men, who wear the Sticharia. The Icon of the Resurrection is on the left of the Gospel as the two people walk side by side.
9. The chief celebrant carries the Triple-candlestick and the hand Cross in his left hand, and the incenser in his right hand.
10. All the people with lighted candles.

The chief celebrant, the deacon is opposite him, incenses the Holy Altar circumambulating it three times. At the stroke of midnight, the clergy in the Sanctuary sing the Sticheron in Tone 6: "Thy Resurrection, O Christ our Saviour, Angels in Heaven sing, and make us worthy on earth, to glorify Thee with a pure heart."

The Curtain is opened, and the clergy sing the Sticheron a second time. The Royal Doors are opened, the clergy come out to the Soleas as they sing the Third time: "Thy Resurrection, O Christ our Saviour, Angels in Heaven sing. The singers and all the people conclude: And make us worthy on earth, to glorify Thee with a pure heart."

During the singing of the Sticheron, the lights in the temple are gradually turned on, so that at the time of the opening of the Royal Doors, all light possible is on. The singers and the people repeat the Sticheron during the entire Procession as it circumambulates the temple three times: The trezvon is rung "without ceasing" until the Crucession stops at the closed main entrance doors of the temple. As the Procession leaves the temple, it faces the West. As it comes out from the temple, it turns to the left, the South, and as it turns the corner of the church building, it moves to the East, to the North, and West. The direction for Processions is always in this manner. After the last person has left the Temple, church doors are closed. While the Crucession is taking place, the Parish Council "set-up group" removes the Tomb from the center of the nave, places the flowers about the edifice, potted plants are not permitted in the Sanctuary (see the section in this Typicon on flowers), and does what is required.

At the conclusion of the third circumambulation of the temple, the Crucession stops in front of the closed entrance doors, on the porch (not inside in the vestibule). With their backs to the closed church doors, the following is the line-up of persons carrying the sacred objects:

1. The Processional Cross is in the center, backs against the doors.
2. The Professional torch (or lantern) is to the left of the Cross (on the right as we face the Cross).
3. The Processional Icon of the Theotokos is on the Cross’s right.
4. The Icon of the Resurrection is in front of the Cross, closer to the people.
5. The Gospel is in front of the lantern, on the right of the Icon, as we face the temple doors.
6. The Banners are on both sides of the Cross.
7. Candle-bearers are on each side of the Banners.
8. The assisting priests stand facing the temple doors somewhat between the chief celebrant and the "line-up."
9. The chief deacon with the large candle is a little in front and to the right of the chief celebrant facing the closed temple doors.
10. The chief celebrant is in the center, facing the closed temple doors.
11. The singers are directly in back of the chief celebrant, also facing the closed doors of the temple.
12. The faithful (people) are in back of the choir and should also face the East — the closed doors of the temple.

At the conclusion of the ringing of the trezvon, the chief celebrant incenses the Cross, Icons, Gospel, Banners, co-celebrants and all the people, gives the incenser to the chief deacon and he in turn incenses the chief celebrant once (i.e., swings the incenser at the priest three times. He does not incense anyone else), and returns the incenser to the chief celebrant. The deacon does not say, "Master, bless!" The first words come from the chief celebrant, who lifts the incenser high with his right hand and makes the Sign of the Cross with it three times (not the customary one time raising of the incenser) and with a loud voice intones: "Glory to the Holy, Consubstantial, Life-creating, and Undivided Trinity, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages."

After the response, "Amen," the clergy sing the Paschal Troparion three times: "Christ is risen from the dead, trampling down death by death, and upon those in the tombs bestowing life."

The singers and the people repeat the Troparion three times. The clergy sing the stichoi. The first stichos: "Let God arise, and let His enemies be scattered, and let them that hate Him flee from before His Face."

The singers respond to each stichos with the singing of the Troparion, "Christ is risen... ," — customarily in a fast tempo.

The second stichos: "As the smoke vanishes, so let them vanish: As wax melts before the fire." "Christ is risen..."

The third stichos: "Let the wicked perish at the presence of God, and let the just rejoice." "Christ is risen..."

The fourth stichos: "This is the day which the Lord has made, let us be glad and rejoice therein." "Christ is risen..."

"Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit." "Christ is risen..."

"Both now and ever, and unto ages of ages. Amen." "Christ is risen..."

"Christ is risen from the dead, trampling down death by death."

(This is sung in a ‘concluding’ higher pitch). The singers: "And upon those in the tombs bestowing life."

The chief cetebrant turns to the people, incenses them, and shouts to them: "Christ is risen!" Everyone replies: "Truly, He is risen!" He does this three times, as a traditional practice, although such directions are not given in the Typicon. As the singers are concluding the Troparion, the entrance doors are opened, the chief celebrant, preceded by. the lantern and the chief deacon, enters the temple, followed by the co-celebrants, the rest of the Crucession, singers and faithful. All the bells are struck. The singers repeat the Troparion ("Christ is risen...") until everyone has re-entered the temple. The clergy go directly into the Sanctuary. The Great Ektenia is said on the Soleas (by the deacon), and the chief celebrant intones the Ecphony: "For unto Thee are due all glory, honor and worship, to the Father..." Incensing the people, the priest shouts out: "Christ is risen!" three times, to which the people shout back: "Truly, He is risen!" This procedure is followed after each Little Ektenia during the Kanon.

The clergy, according to custom, sing the first part of each Heirmos at the beginning of an Ode, the singers conclude it. Before each Troparion of an Ode, the Refrain is sung: "Christ is risen from the dead." At the conclusion of the last Troparion of an Ode, the Refrain is not sung, and the Heirmos is repeated as the Katabasia. The Ninth Ode has its own Refrains.

The chief celebrant does a complete incensing of the temple at the beginning of the Kanon. He carries the triple-candlestick in his left hand and is preceded by the deacon who carries a candle in his left hand. According to established custom, when there is more than one priest, each takes his turn incensing, carrying the triple-candlestick in his left hand. The incensing is done from the Second through the Eighth Odes: The Lesser Incensing is recommended.

The deacon comes out of the Sanctuary through the Royal Doors to say the ektenias, or for the incensing, always carrying a candle in his left hand.

At the conclusion of the 8th Ode, the chief deacon incenses. First, he incenses the Sanctuary, the right side of the Iconostasis, and after the Ecphony, at the Icon of the Theotokos, he sings the Refrain for the 9th Heirmos: "Magnify, O my soul, Christ the Life-giver, Who rose from the grave on the third day." Then, he incenses the left Bide of the Iconostasis, priests, people, and the entire temple.

At the conclusion of the Katabasia of the First Ode, as after the Katabasia of each Ode "Christ is risen..." is sung three times. The Little Ektenia is said, and the Ecphony: "For Thine is the Majesty, and Thine are the Kingdom, and the Power, and the Glory, of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." The Little Ektenia is said after the Katabasia of each Ode.

After the Third Ode, the Ecphony is: "For Thou art our God, and to Thee we send up glory, to the Father..." The Hypakoe is in Tone 4: "When they who were with Mary came before the dawn, and found the stone rolled away from the Tomb, they heard the angel say: Why do you seek the Living One among the dead, as if He were man? For He dwells in Light Eternal. Behold the grave wrappings. Go quickly, and proclaim to the world, that the Lord is risen, and has slain death. For He is the Son of God, the salvation of mankind."

The Ecphony after the Fourth Ode: "For Thou art a good God, and lovest mankind, and to Thee we send up glory, to the Father..."

The Ecphony after the Fifth Ode: "For sanctified and glorified is Thy Most-honorable and exceedingly great Name, of the Father..."

The Ecphony after the Sixth Ode: "For Thou art the King of peace, and the Savior of our souls, and to Thee we send up glory, to the Father..." The Kontakion is sung in Tone 8: (In the Russian Church it is the custom for the clergy to sing the Kontakion, but the singers sing the Oikos).

"Though Thou didst descend into the grave, O Immortal: Yet, Thou didst destroy the power of Hades, and didst rise again as Conqueror, O Christ God! Announcing to the Myrrh-bearing Women, Rejoice! Granting peace to Thy Apostles, and bestowing resurrection upon the fallen."

The Oikos is also sung in Tone 8: "Before the rising of the sun, The Sun, which had once set in the Tomb, was sought by the Myrrh-bearing Women, who came before the dawn, cried one to the other: O friends, come let us anoint the Life-bearing and buried body with aromatic fragrances, the flesh who raised the fallen Adam, which lies in the Tomb. Let us go seek, as did the Wise men, and worship Him. Let us bring myrrh and gifts, to Him Who is bound in a shroud, rather than in swaddling clothes. Let us weep and cry out: Master, arise, granting resurrection to the fallen."

"Having beheld the Resurrection of Christ, let us worship the Holy Lord Jesus, One Only Sinless..." is sung three times in Tone 6. Also, the following is sung three times in Tone 6: "Jesus rose from the grave, as He foretold, He gave us life eternal, and great mercy."

The Ecphony after the Seventh Ode: "May the Dominion of Thy Kingdom be blessed and most glorified, of the Father, and of the Son..."

The Ecphony after the Eighth Ode: "For blessed is Thy Name, and glorified is Thy Kingdom, of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit; now, and ever, and unto ages of ages."

After the Ninth Ode: "For all the Powers of Heaven praise Thee, Father, Son and Holy Spirit, and to Thee they send up glory, now, and ever, and unto ages of ages."

The Exaposteilarion is sung three times: "Thou Who art King and Lord, didst sleep in the flesh as mortal. Thou didst rise the third day, raising Adam from corruption, and destroyed death: Pascha incorruptible, salvation of the world."

The Exaposteilarion is sung by the clergy the first time, and the second and third times, it is sung by the choir(s).

The Ainoi, "Let everything that has breath praise..." is sung in Tone 1 and 4 stichera are from the Resurrectional (Sunday) Tone 1, followed by the Stichera of Pascha in Tone 5: Stichos: "Let God arise, and let His enemies be scattered." Sticheron: "The Sacred Pascha is revealed..." etc.

The Paschal kiss of joy is ordered to follow the stichera. However, in traditional practice it is done during the singing of the 4th sticheron at the words, "With joy let us embrace one another." The "Rite" consists of the following: The chief celebrant takes the hand Cross, goes to the Soleas and faces the people; on his right stand the other members of the clergy staff, the first holds- the Gospel, the others, icons. The clergy approach the chief celebrant, kiss the Cross and kiss him on the lips saying to him: "Christ is risen!" He replies, "Truly He is risen!" After everyone has greeted the. chief celebrant, the clergy exchange the kiss among themselves. At the conclusion of the Rite of the Paschal Kiss, the chief celebrant reads the Catechetical Homily of St. John Chrysostom.

At the conclusion of the Homily, the singers sing the Troparion to St. John Chrysostom in Tone 8: "Grace, as flame, shining forth from thy mouth illuminated the universe. Thou hast gathered not the silver treasures of this world, but hast revealed to us the exaltation of humility. By thy words thou instructs us, Father John Chrysostom; intercede Christ God the Word, for the salvation of our souls."

Two ektenias follow: The Ektenia of Fervent Supplication, starting with the petition, "Have mercy on us, O God, according to Thy great mercy... ;" and, the Ektenia of Askings, "Let us complete our morning..." After the Ecphony, "For Thine it is to show mercy..." deacon (or priest): "Wisdom." Singers: "Father, bless!" (or "Master, bless!") Priest: "Blessed is He Who is, Christ our God, always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages." Singers: "Amen. Make firm, O God, the Holy Orthodox Faith and the Orthodox Christians, unto ages of ages." The priest, holding the hand Cross, sings: "Christ is risen from the dead, trampling down death by death." The singers conclude: "And upon those in the tombs bestowing life." (The priest does not say, "Glory to Thee. Christ God...") The priest blesses the people with the Cross (without the triple-candlestick) and pronounces the Dismissal: "Christ is risen from the dead, trampling down death by death, and upon those in the tombs bestowing life, Christ our True God, through the prayers of His Immaculate Mother, and all saints, have mercy on us and save us, for He is good and loves mankind."

(This Dismissal is said at every service, during Paschal Bright Week).

The priest follows the Dismissal by blessing the people to the three sides and greeting them with the words: "Christ is risen!" To each of the three blessings, the faithful reply: "Truly He is risen!" The singers sing the Troparion, "Christ is risen..." three times, and after the third time, conclude with the following: "And He has granted us life eternal, we worship His third-day Resurrection."

The Polychronion is sung.

There are some who practice the celebration of the Divine Liturgy at midnight on Christmas, but officiate the Paschal Orthros at Holy Pascha about 10 or 11 P.M. on Saturday and forget about the Divine Liturgy and celebrate it at 9 or 10 in the morning. Such practices pervert the entire theological aspect of Orthodoxy. The earliest possible hour (in relation to the element of time) for the celebration of the Liturgy indicates that the Paschal Liturgy supercedes all other Liturgies in the year since it "breaks the fast" at the earliest possible moment. It is the greatest Feast. The Feast of Feasts, and for that reason the Holy Liturgy concludes all the preparation by ending "all" fasts and permits the True celebration. Thus, any deviation from the established norm that the Paschal Divine Liturgy follow Orthros and Hours, is contrary to the spirit of Orthodoxy.

If conditions warrant a second Liturgy to be celebrated, it too, should be celebrated at an early hour on the Paschal Sunday morning. Since in many areas the celebration of Paschal Vespers at 4 or 5 o ‘clock in the afternoon seems to have become a "forgotten service," it has been found that the celebration of Paschal Vespers followed by a Crucession beginning about 11:00 A.M. to be successful.

After the Polychronion of Orthros, the priest gives the blessing for the singing of the Hours: "Blessed is our God..." The singers: ‘‘Christ is risen..." (thrice). "Having beheld the Resurrection of Christ..." (thrice). The Hypakoe, "When they who were with Mary..." (once). The Kontakion, "Thou didst descend into the grave..." (once). The Troparion: "In the tomb with the body, but in Hell with the soul, as God: in Paradise with the thief, and on the Throne with the Father and the Spirit wast Thou, O Christ, filling all things, Thyself uncircumscribed."

"Glory..." "As the Life-bearer, truly fairer than Paradise and more brilliant than all things of royalty, wast revealed by Thy Tomb, O Christ, the source of our resurrection."

"Both now...Amen." (The Theotokion) Hail, thou who art sanctified, and art the divine abode of the Most High! Through thee, O Theotokos, joy is given to those who call out to thee: Blessed art thou among women, All-Immaculate Lady.

"Lord, have mercy." (40 times). "Glory...both now...Amen." "More honorable than the Cherubim..." "In the Name of the Lord, father, bless." Priest: "Through the prayers of our holy fathers, O Lord Jesus Christ, have mercy on us." Singers: "Amen." "Christ is risen..." (thrice). "Lord, have mercy." (thrice). "Father, bless."

The priest chants the Dismissal.

The above is the Third Hour, the Sixth Hour, and before Vespers, it is the Ninth flour.

During the singing of the Hours, the Prothesis is officiated, and the customary incensing is done. Immediately after the Hours, the Holy Liturgy is celebrated.

The beginning is customary: Deacon, "Master, bless." Priest: "Blessed is the Kingdom..." Singers: "Amen." The priest holds the triple-candlestick in his left hand, the incenser in his right, and the deacon stands opposite him (on the "High Place") with a candle in his left hand. After "Amen," the clergy sing "Christ is risen..." three times. The singers then sing "Christ is risen..." three times. The clergy sing the first stichos: "Let God arise..." The singers sing "Christ is risen..." one time. The priest walks to the right side of the Altar, incenses it (the deacon moves opposite him), and they sing the second stichos: "As the smoke vanishes..." Singers: "Christ is risen..." The priest goes to the High Place and incenses the Altar, and the clergy sing the third stichos: "Let the wicked perish..." Singers: "Christ is risen..." The priest goes to the left side of the Altar, incenses it, turns and incenses the Altar of Prothesis, and with the deacon, they come out to the Soleas, incense the Icons of the Saviour and the Theotokos in the Iconostasis as they sing the fourth stichos: "This is the day..." Singers: "Christ is risen..." Clergy: "Glory..." Singers: "Christ is risen..." Clergy: "Both now...Amen." Singers: "Christ is risen..." The priest and the deacon turn to incense the people, and the priest shouts to them: "Christ is risen!" three times. Returning to the Altar, the clergy sing: "Christ is risen from the dead, trampling down death by death." Singers: "And upon those in the tombs bestowing life." During the entire Paschal Bright Week the deacon incenses while carrying the candle in his left hand.

The Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom follows. Paschal. Antiphons are sung. At the Little Entrance, the deacon (or priest): "Wisdom. Let us attend. Bless the Lord in His temples, the Lord from the sources of Israel." Singers: "Christ is risen..." The Hypakoe, "Glory...both now...Amen." The Kontakion. In place of the Trisagion, "As many as have been baptized..." The Epistle is from Acts, Section 1. The Gospel is from St. John, Section 1, and it is read in different languages. During the reading of the Gospel, the large bell is rung. Customarily the bell is struck at the conclusion of each verse of the lection, and, at its conclusion, a short trezvon is rung.

In place of "It is truly meet... :" "The Angel cried to her..." and the 9th Heirmos, "Shine, Shine, 0 new Jerusalem..." The Koinonicon is: "Receive ye the Body of Christ, taste ye of the Fountain of Life. Alleluia..." In place of "We have seen the true light..." and "Let our mouths be filled... :" "Christ is risen..." It is sung one time in each instance. After the Prayer before the Ambon, the Artos is blessed.

The Artos is placed upon a small table on the Soleas. An incensing is made around the table. The deacon (or priest): "Let us pray to the Lord." The priest reads the prayer for blessing the Artos (from the Euchologion), and, at the conclusion of the prayer, sprinkles the Artos with Holy Water saying: "Blessed and sanctified is this Artos, with the sprinkling of this Holy Water, in the Name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Amen." The singers: "Christ is risen..."

In place of "Blessed be the Name of the Lord..." "Christ is risen..." is sung three times. The priest (in place of "Glory to Thee, Christ God..."): "Christ is risen from the dead, trampling down death by death." The singers conclude: "And upon those in the tombs bestowing life." The Dismissal, etc., see Orthros.

The Royal Doors, and customarily the Deacon’s Doors, remain open the entire Bright Week. They are not closed at any time, not even for the Communion of the clergy. The Royal Doors are closed before the chanting of the Ninth Hour on Saturday of Bright Week.

The Divine Liturgy is sung each day of Bright Week as indicated above, the lections change.

After the singing of the Ninth Hour, the priest(s) vests in all of his sacerdotal vestments, as for the Liturgy. He has the triple-candlestick in his left hand, at the Altar, making the Sign of the Cross with the incenser, gives the blessing: "Blessed is our God..." The same procedure is followed as at the Liturgy.

Nothing should be chanted or read at Vespers, everything ought to be sung. The Little Entrance is made with the Holy Gospel. The lection from the Gospel is read by the priest facing the people, Section 65 from St. John.

The Aposticha consists of the Resurrectional stichera of Pascha as sung after the Ainoi at Orthros. Immediately after the last sticheron, "Wisdom." "Father, bless." "Blessed is He..." "Amen. Make firm..." "Christ is risen..." etc., as at Orthros, and the Dismissal. The priest holds the Cross to be kissed.

(1) It will be observed that this rite remains in its ancient form; that is to say, as arranged for adults — the Catechumens being all adults in the early Church.

The removal of the Catechumen's garment signifies the putting off of the old man and of his sinful life, inasmuch as this Order is required only in the baptism of adults; that is, of persons above seven years of age, who are received only after due examination and their own expressed desire to be baptized. With such, also, the procedure differs, according as they may be Jews, Mahometans, or members of some other non-Christian body; in which case, each must specifically renounce the errors of his former belief. But the rite is alike for all Infants (that is, persons under seven years of age), whether they be of Orthodox or non-Orthodox parents; and of them, through their Sponsor, only the third catechizing, to which the answer is the Symbol of the Faith (the Nicene Creed), is required.

Three tapers are lighted and placed upon the font itself to typify the Holy Trinity, in whose name Baptism is administered. The Sponsors also hold tapers, to signify their faith in the illumination which the Holy Mystery (Sacrament) confers upon the soul of the person baptized: that the baptized person passes from darkness into light, and becomes a child of the light. For this reason, also, Baptism is called "Illumination."

The font typifies Noah's ark.

Holy Baptism is a Sacrament through which a man is born once only in spiritual birth; therefore it is not repeated, if it has been regularly performed, through triple immersion, in the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.

If any doubt exists as to whether it has previously been performed or not, the formula "if not already baptized" must be interpolated. The rule is that it shall be administered in church; but in case of necessity it may be administered in a private house. In extremity, a layman may baptize; and the Baptism is not repeated, though the Chrismation is afterwards performed, if the child live. Though immersion is prescribed, a child may be baptized by affusion in case of extreme weakness or mortal danger; and those baptized by affusion in such cases (or persons who have been so baptized in other Christian Churches, when they join the Eastern Catholic Church) are not rebaptized, but are only anointed with the holy Chrism.

It is not customary for either father or mother to be present at the baptism; though it Is not forbidden for the father. Provided forty days have elapsed since the birth of the child, the mother is permitted to be present.

For a man or boy, one sponsor (male) not younger than fifteen years of age is indispensable. For a woman or girl one female sponsor not younger than thirteen years of age is indispensable. The Church does not forbid other sponsors. The sponsor ought to be a member of the Holy Orthodox Apostolic Church of the East; but if a member of another Church should, for any reason, stand sponsor, he (she) is required to recite the Symbol of the Faith of the Orthodox Church. In such case a non-Orthodox man or woman may stand as additional sponsor.

(2) That is to say, endowed with reason and speech, in contradistinction to the dumb animals.

(3) From the west comes darkness; and Satan, who is darkness, and whom the Catechumen must renounce, has his dominion there. The uplifted hands of the Catechumen indicate the realm of the evil spirits of the air.

(4) The Catechumen turns his face to the east, because light proceeds thence. The white vestments and the lights typify spiritual joy in the illumination of the person through holy Baptism.

(5) This is called "the oil of gladness" because the person baptized is thereby engrafted into the good olive-tree, Jesus Christ, having been, as it were, a branch wrested from a wild olive-tree. As the Lord sent to the people in Noah's ark a twig of olive by a dove, in token of reconciliation and salvation, so the sign of the cross is made above the water with the oil, in token that the waters of baptism serve to reconcile man with God, through the mercy of God therein manifested, and save from the taint of sin (Rom. 11: 17).

(6) Anointment with the holy Chrism (Chrismation) is a Sacrament whereby the recipient, through the anointing of various parts of the body in the name of the Holy Spirit, receives the gifts of the Holy Spirit, to rear and strengthen him in the spiritual life, and to render him strong, firm and invincible in faith, in love and hope; in boldness, that without fear he may confess before all men the name of Christ: that he may grow in all virtues, free himself from the Evil One and all his guile, and preserve his soul in purity and righteousness (1 John 2:20; 2 Cor. 1:21-22). After anointment with the holy Chrism the child is a member of Christ's Church, and receives the holy Communion, without preliminary confession, until he reaches the age of seven years. Beginning with that age confession is obligatory.

(7) The circle typifies eternity. Therefore the triple circling of the font with lighted tapers signifies that the newly baptized (illumined) person has entered into eternal union with Christ, the Light of the world.

(8) The three Offices — (a) Prayers at the Reception of a Catechumen; (b) Holy Baptism and Chrismation; and (c) Ablution, which were formerly celebrated separately — are now commonly joined together in one service. In the early Church the Catechumen wore his robe of purity for eight days, which he spent in fasting and prayer.

(9) The words of the Apostle (1 Cor. 6:11).

(10) The shearing of the hair signifies that the newly baptized person has dedicated himself to the service of God, and to obedience; because the cutting of the hair has always been the symbol of submission and servitude. It is also symbolical of the scriptural offering of the first-fruits.

(1) Tapers are given to those who plight their troth and to bridal pairs to symbolize the purity of their lives, which shine with the light of virtue (John 3:20-21). The morning, immediately after the celebration of the Divine Liturgy, is regarded by the Church as the proper time for the solemnization of Marriage (although this time is not obligatory), in order that the bridal pair may receive this Sacrament fasting. The rite is not solemnized on all days of the year, but is forbidden during Fasts; on the Eves of Great Feasts; during Easter week; and on some other days.

(2) The rubric prescribes a gold ring for the man, to typify his greater worth and authority; and a silver ring for the woman, to typify her scriptural subjection to her husband, as the head of the wife. In modern practice the rings are, as a rule, both of gold; and the bridal pair themselves make the prescribed exchange in the Russian Church, but not in the Greek Church.

(3) It is customary, at the beginning of this Office, to lead the bridal pair upon a piece of new, rose-colored material (or a new rug), which is spread before the lectern. In olden days the Russian Tzars and their brides were led upon a piece of flowered silken material and sable skins (sometimes as many as forty in number), which were intended as emblems of happiness and plenty in the new path upon which they were entering. This is the significance in general.

(4) The crowns represent the honour and reward bestowed upon the wedded pair for the purity of their lives. In Greece the crowns are woven of olive leaves (emblematic of fruitfulness), or of laurel, intertwined with flowers. But in Russia, metal crowns are kept in the churches. They are adorned with holy pictures (ikoni); that of our Lord Jesus Christ being upon the crown of the bridegroom, and that of his holy Mother upon that of the bride.

(5) Wine is used in the Sacrament of Marriage, because at the marriage in Cana of Galilee, which our Lord blessed with his presence, the water converted into wine by a miracle was served. The "common cup" of weal and woe is given to the bride and bridegroom in token that they ought to dwell in unbroken concord, hold and use, undivided, their acquisitions, and share equally the cup of joy and sorrow. In Greece they are given bread soaked in wine, having the same significance.

(6) The circle typifies eternity. By this circling round the lectern, upon which lie the book of the Gospels and the cross, the bridal pair signify their oath forever to preserve their marriage bond, until death shall break it. The triple circling is in honour of the Holy Trinity, which is invoked to bear witness to their oath.

(7) Saint Constantine and Saint Helena are invoked because they were the disseminators (in the tenth century) of the Orthodox faith; and Saint Procopius is invoked because he instructed the twelve women to go to their death of martyrdom as to a marriage feast. The Exhortation is generally made immediately after this Benediction, instead of at the point originally prescribed.

(8) In the early Church, the crowns (of olive leaves) were worn for a week.

(9) This second Order of Marriage is used only when both bride and bridegroom have been previously wedded. When either is now married for the first time, the preceding Order is used. The holy Church permits second and even third marriages, but unwillingly. Nicephorus, Patriarch of Constantinople, commanded that persons who entered into a second marriage should not be crowned, and should be deprived of the holy Communion for the space of two years. Persons who entered into a third marriage were debarred from the Communion for five years. This rule is not observed at the present day, but explains this separate Order for Second Marriage.

(1) The Sub-Deacon in his service typifies the service of the angels. Accordingly, at his ordination he is invested with the stole, which he girds about him crosswise, thereby symbolizing the wings with which the Cherubim veil their faces as they stand before the throne of God.

(2) As no man is ordained to the Diaconate unless he be already a Sub-Deacon, it is now customary (if he be not already a Sub-Deacon) to ordain him to that degree on the same day upon which he receives the Laying-on of Hands to the Diaconate. As he cannot marry after he has received this degree (of Sub-Deacon), he must be already married if he is to become a parish priest; that is, unless he has elected to become a monk. As he does not celebrate the Sacrament of the Eucharist but only serves at it, he is ordained after the consecration of the Holy Gifts.

(3) The first "command" is addressed to the people, the second to the clergy, and the third to the Bishop. In the early days of Christianity the people and the clergy of the local church had a voice in the election of Bishops, Priests and Deacons, in the sense that the choice made by the Bishops was announced to them, with the object of obtaining their testimony in regard to the qualities of the candidates, and of giving them an opportunity to declare for or against the choice. Later on, owing to difficulties, the influence of the people upon the selection of their Bishops was restricted. In the choice of Priests and Deacons the people never had as much to say as in that of their Bishops. The "command" addressed to them preserves the tradition of their right to pronounce upon the candidate's fitness.

(4) Hereby he announces his intention to devote himself always to the service of God's altar.

(5) He thereby signifies his gratitude and respect for him at whose hands the grace of God is invoked upon him. The three hymns which are chanted while he is making this triple circuit of the Altar are symbolical: The Martyrs invoked in the first are to serve the candidate as an example for the preservation of his faith and purity; the second proclaims that the subject of the candidate's preaching (like that of the Apostles and Martyrs) is to be the Trinity, one in Essence and Undivided; the third denotes that the foundation of the priesthood and of the Church was the coming of the Saviour, who must be magnified, while the holy Virgin is blessed.

(6) In token that the fullness of the sacred ministry is not conferred upon the Deacon, but only a portion thereof.

(7) This denotes that he who is thus receiving Ordination is preparing himself to share the pastoral burden.

(8) Kyrie eleison (Lord, have mercy), like Axios (worthy), is left in the original Greek, in order to show whence the Russian Church derived its Holy Orders. Axios signifies that he who through the Laying-on of Hands has received the grace of the Holy Spirit, is become worthy to perform the sacred office entrusted to him.

(9) The kissing signifies the mutual greeting upon the entry of the new ecclesiastic upon his new ministry, and the love and union of all the participants.

(10) The Ordination of a Priest takes place after the Holy Gifts have been borne from the Credence Table to the Altar, in order that he may take part in their consecration. In token that he is finishing his service as Deacon, he bears the air (vozdukh) on his head during the Great Entrance. He kneels at the Altar on both knees, to denote that he is receiving a greater ministry and a higher gift than the Deacon. The rest of the symbolism is the same as at the Ordination of a Deacon.

(11) Because the Abbot is set over the flock of God in the Monastery, he kisses the Bishop's stole, which is the emblem of the wandering sheep that the Good Shepherd took upon-his shoulder, and which the Bishop wears to denote his charge over the flock of Christ. The rest of the symbolism is the same as at the Ordination of a Deacon.

(12) This "Eagle" is a very large rug, upon which is depicted a single-headed eagle hovering over a city with battlemented walls and towers. Similar rugs, or "eagles," of a smaller size, are used for the Bishop (or more exalted Prelate) to stand upon when he celebrates any service. The city is a symbol of his episcopal authority over the cities of his diocese; the eagle symbolizes his pure and lofty and upright theological teaching in imitation of that eagle which is depicted with St. John the Divine. The same significance is attached to the halo round the eagle's head, which typifies theological attainments and the gift of grace.

(13) The Consecration takes place at this point because the Little Entrance typifies the coming to earth of the Lord incarnate, who suffered for us, and rose again, and was received up into heaven. Thereafter the Holy Spirit consecrated the first successors of the Saviour, and revealed them as enthroned and reigning with Christ. Therefore, when the Chief Bishop enters the Sanctuary, as it were heaven, with the other ecclesiastics, the candidate for Consecration is led thither, and the Sacrament of Laying-on of Hands is conferred upon him before they all take their places on the episcopal thrones, as it were on the heavenly thrones; and thus he, also, becomes a throned Bishop, and sits with them as their equal.

(14) The book of the Gospels represents Christ the Lord, the source of all things. It is placed on the Bishop's neck to show that he should rule his flock after the pattern of Christ, bending his neck lightly under the yoke of Christ, and must do nothing contrary to His will. For under the form of the Gospels he has taken upon his head and neck the Church of the Lord.

(15) Axios is said only when the omofor or Bishop's stole (pall) is laid upon his shoulders; because he already possesses all the vestments of a Priest. It was made of wool in former days, and represents the wandering sheep which the Good Shepherd found and laid across his shoulders. It is adorned with crosses to signify that, as Christ bore his cross upon his shoulders, so all who desire to follow him must bear their cross on their shoulders. Many traditions quoted by ancient writers affirm that the clergy and all the people, by uttering this word "Axios" (worthy), at the Consecration of Bishops and at the Ordinations of Priests and Deacons, thereby gave their testimony to the blameless life and good morals of him who had received the laying-on of hands. St. Clement instituted in the Primitive Church, in the name of the Apostles, a law that such testimony should be exacted especially at the Consecration of Bishops, in reply to the definite question, thrice put to the people: "Is he, in truth, worthy of this ministry?"

(1) Anointing with the holy Oil is a Sacrament in which, through the anointing of the body, the grace of God is invoked upon the sick person; because that grace heals all ills, both those of the soul and those of the body. It is performed only over sick persons (James 5:14-15), with one exception: In the Cathedral of the Falling-asleep of the Birth-giver of God (Assumption) in Moscow, on Holy Thursday, the Bishop anoints all per-sons who desire it, after the Divine Liturgy; because, on the evening of Great and Holy Thursday Christ instituted a new Covenant with his Body and Blood. Therefore it is not unfitting that a well man should partake also of this Sacrament, since he knows not the day and hour of his death. The warrant for this is the saying of St. James, taken in its broadest sense to include those who surfer from spiritual ills — grief, despondency, and the like — as well as from those of the body.

The sick person who receives this Sacrament must be of the Orthodox faith, and must prepare himself by repentance and confession; and before or after this Sacrament he receives the Sacrament of the Holy Communion. Holy Unction, being in the nature of a healing remedy, may be repeated; and even the young need not fear to receive it, under the erroneous impression that, having received it, they cannot, thenceforth, eat meat or marry. It is performed in church, in the presence of an assembly, if the sick person be able to leave his bed; or at home, before an assembly of people. Seven Priests are appointed to perform it, because there are seven Lessons from the Epistles, seven from the Gospels, and sever? Prayers; the number seven being chosen as symbolical of the Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit, and in conformity with the number seven connected with the Shunammite woman's child and Prophet Elisha (2 Kings 4:35); of the reopening of the skies by the Prophet Elijah, after they had been shut up for three years and a half (1 Kings 28:43); of Naaman's dipping himself in the waters of the Jordan, after which he was cleansed. But in case of need the holy Church permits one Priest to perform the Office, if he does so in the name of the whole assembly. A shorter form of the Office is appointed for use over those in danger of immediate death. Another name for the Sacrament is "Prayer-Oil."

(2) Seven tapers are lighted round about the shrine-lamp or other vessel which contains the wine and oil, as images of the Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit. It is customary for all those who are present to hold tapers not only during the reading of the Gospels, but also during all the residue of the Office, in token of their fervent prayers for the salvation of the sick person.

The wheat serves as the emblem of the embryo of a new life — of healing and of life after the death of the body — of resurrection (John 12:24; 1 Cor. 15:36-38). The oil is the visible token of the grace of healing (Mark 16:18). The wine is used as a symbol of the blood of Christ shed upon the cross for the salvation of men. The oil must be pure olive oil, without any admixture.

(3) The oil symbolizes God's mercy; the wine, the blood which flowed from the side of our Lord upon the cross. The union of the oil and wine is made after the pattern of the remedy which was used by the Good Samaritan.

(4) The Great Martyr, Demetrius (+ at Thessalonica, A.D. 306), whose bones still exude chrism, and are famous throughout the Orient as healing to the sick. Nestor was a young Christian of Thessalonica who visited St. Demetrius in prison (where the latter was suffering for the faith) to receive his blessing before engaging in conflict with the Emperor's favorite gladiator. Demetrius predicted that Nestor would conquer, but would suffer martyrdom in consequence; and so it came to pass.

(5) St. Panteleimon, of Nicomedia, was a Christian physician, who suffered martyrdom for the faith A. n. 296. He performed many miraculous cures during his lifetime, and was beheaded, after many vain efforts to kill him by various torturing assaults, in which God protected him from harm.

(6) "Unmercenaries" is the title applied to disinterested benefactors, who alleviated the pangs both of the soul and body; more especially to physicians of the early Church.

(7) In this act the Church imitates the Prophet Elisha, who sent his staff to the Shunammite woman (2 Kings 4:29). As the Gospels contain the accounts of many miracles wrought by Jesus Christ, they are laid upon the sufferer's head, with the printed pages down, in the hope that he will receive like physical and spiritual healing; and in order to strengthen the faith in the written word of our Lord in the minds of those present. Christ, in performing his miracles of healing, laid his almighty hand upon the sick. Therefore his priests, in this Office, lay their hands upon (or hold) the Gospels, in token of reconciliation.

(1) When an Orthodox layman dies his body is washed, after the custom of Apostolic times (Acts 9:37), out of irespect to the dead and a desire that he shall present himself clean before the presence of God, in the resurrection. Then the body is clothed in new garments, which symbolize our new garment of incorruption (l Cor. 15:53). The garments thus used correspond to the calling or rank of the departed. They denote that in the resurrection every man must render an accounting to God of the manner in which he has fulfilled his duty in that state of life to which he was called. Thus a monk is dressed in monastic garb, and wrapped in his mantle, which is cut a little, in order that it may be laid about him in the form of a cross; and his face is covered, to denote that in the earthly life he was estranged from the things of this world.

The Psalter is read over the body of an Orthodox believer until the time is come to bury him. This reading comforts those who are mourning the departed, and inclines them to prayer. Inasmuch as the Psalter is designed chiefly to represent prayers for him who has fallen asleep in the Lord, it is interrupted by a commemoration of the dead, with special prayerful petitions to God wherein the dead person is mentioned by name. It is customary to repeat this after each division of the Psalter, as indicated by the Doxology.

Upon the brow of the dead is placed the chaplet, a strip of material upon which are depicted our Lord Jesus Christ, his holy Mother, and St. John the Baptist; together with the Thrice-Holy (O Holy God, Holy Mighty, Holy Immortal, have mercy upon us). The dead Christian is thus adorned with the wreath like an athlete who, with honour, has left the field of contest; or like a warrior who has won a victory. The figures printed thereon signify that he who has run his earthly career hopes to receive the crown for his deeds solely through the mercy of the Triune God and the mediation of the Mother of our Lord and of his Forerunner.

In the hand of the dead is placed a holy picture (ikona) of the Saviour, in token that he has believed in Christ and has surrendered his soul to him; that in life he beheld the Lord by anticipation, and now is gone to see him face to face in blessedness, with the Saints. The body of the "dead is covered with a holy pall, in token that, as one who has been a believer and has been sanctified by the Sacraments, he is under the protection of Christ.

At funerals four standard candlesticks are placed at the four sides of the coffin, forming a cross. Those present, both at funerals and at Requiem Services (Panikhidi), hold tapers, thereby typifying the light divine wherewith the Christian is enlightened at baptism, and the fervor of his prayers. The taper also serves as an image of the world to come, of the light which knows no setting.

(2) This, the song of the Archangels in honour of the Holy Trinity, is sung because the dead person is now being accompanied into the realm of the Angels, who sing continually the Thrice-Holy hymn.

(3) That is to say, if the Sacrament of Holy Unction has been performed upon the deceased during his lifetime, the oil and wine which remained therefrom are poured over his dead body. This anointment is Christ's token, and a seal of confirmation that they who die in Christ have wrought for Christ, in the sanctification of their bodies, and have lived uprightly in this earthly life.

(4) The ashes typify the same thing as the unconsumed oil — the life which is extinguished on earth, yet acceptable unto God; like the sweet spices of the censer.

(5) If anyone departs this life on holy Easter Day, or on any day of the Bright Week which intervenes between that day and the Sunday of All Saints following, less than the customary funeral songs are sung, because of the majesty and honour due to the joyful Feast of the Resurrection; for it is a festival of joy and gladness, not of mourning. And since all who have died in the hope of resurrection and of life eternal through Christ are, by Christ's resurrection, translated from the sorrowful things of this world to things glad and joyful, the Church proclaims this by songs of resurrection over the dead. By this diminution of the songs, litanies and prayers ordinarily appropriate to those who have fallen asleep, we are assured that he who dies in penitence, even if he have not yet given satisfaction for his sins, has pardon for them, through the prayers of the Church, and is freed from their bonds.

(1) At the burial of Prelates, Hiero-monks, Archimandrites and Priests, when the body is borne from the house to the church, during the reading of the Prayer of Absolution, and on the way to the grave, the church bells are rung, as they are when the holy cross is brought forth from the Sanctuary, on September 14, (27), August 1 (14), in Mid-Lent, on Good Friday, and on Holy Saturday. That is to say, each bell is struck once, and the order is repeated thrice, or oftener; after which all the bells are struck together, once.

At the burial of a Bishop the body is carried round the church on its way to the grave, and a brief service is celebrated at each side of the church.

Deacons are buried like laymen; because in the Order for the Burial of Priests the sacerdotal rank of the latter is specifically mentioned. A censer is placed in the hand of the dead Deacon.

(2) A dead Bishop, after he has been rubbed with oil by means of a sponge, is arrayed in all his sacerdotal vestments while "Thy soul shall delight itself in the Lord" is being sung; and the censers, sacramental fans, together with the double and triple branched candlesticks (dikiri, trikiri) are used. When the vesting is completed he is seated in an armchair, and the Proto-Deacon proclaims: "Send forth thy light"; after which the body is laid upon a table, and the face is covered with a sacramental veil. The veil denotes that the dead was a minister of the Sacraments of God, more especially of the Holy Mysteries of the Body and Blood of Christ, and it is buried with him. If he has at any time received the Sacrament of Holy Unction, the oil remaining therefrom is used to anoint his body for burial, as is the case also with Priests.

(3) In token that he proclaimed unto men the teachings of the Gospels, a cross is generally placed in the hands of a dead Bishop or Priest; because it is the emblem of salvation, both of the living and the dead. The book of the Holy Gospels is buried with him, and the cross also. Over the remains of a dead Bishop or Priest the Gospels are read instead of the Psalter, "in order to propitiate God," says Simeon of Thessalonica. "For what other offering can be made unto God, to propitiate him on behalf of him that lieth there, if not this, to wit, the proclamation of the Incarnation of God, of his teachings, his Sacraments, and the gift of the remission of sins, his redeeming Passion for us, his life-creating death and resurrection?"

(1) The origin of the Service of the Dead (Panikhida) is as follows: St. Macarius of Alexandria once inquired from the Angels who accompanied him an explanation of the Church's custom to celebrate the third, ninth, and fortieth days after a death by religious services. And the Angel told him: "When, on the third day, the body is brought to the Temple, the Soul of the dead man receiveth from his Guardian Angel relief from the grief which he feeleth at parting from his body. This he receiveth because of the oblation and praise which are offered for him in God's Church, whence there ariseth in him a blessed hope. For during the space of two days the Soul is permitted to wander at will over the earth, with the Angels which accompany it. Therefore the Soul, since it loveth its body, sometimes hovereth around the house in which it parted from the body; sometimes around the coffin wherein its body hath been placed: and thus it passeth those days like a bird which seeketh for itself a nesting-place. But the beneficent Soul wandereth through those places where it was wont to perform deeds of righteousness.

"On the third day He who rose again from the dead commandeth that every Soul, in imitation of his own Resurrection, shall be brought to heaven, that it may do reverence to the God of all. Wherefore the Church hath the blessed custom of celebrating oblation and prayers on the third day for the Soul.

"After the Soul hath done reverence to God, He ordereth that it shall be shown the varied and fair abodes of the Saints and the beauty of Paradise. All these things the Soul vieweth during six days, marveling and glorifying God, the Creator of all. And when the Soul hath beheld all these things, it is changed, and forgetteth all the sorrow which it felt in the body. But if it be guilty of sins, then, at the sight of the delights of the Saints, it beginneth to wail, and to reproach itself, saying: 'Woe is me! How vainly did I pass my time in the world! Engrossed in the satisfaction of my desires, I passed the greater part of my life in heedless-ness, and obeyed not God as I ought, that I, also, might be vouchsafed these graces and glories. Woe is me, poor wretch!' After having thus viewed all the joys of the Just for the space of six days, the Angels lead the Soul again to do reverence to God. Therefore the Church doth well, in that she celebrateth service and oblation for the Soul on the ninth day.

"After its second reverence to God, the Master of all commandeth that the Soul be conducted to Hell, and there shown the places of torment, the different divisions of Hell; and the divers torments of the ungodly, which cause the souls of sinners that find themselves therein to groan continually, and to gnash their teeth. Through these various places of torment the Soul is borne during thirty days, trembling lest it also be condemned to imprisonment therein.

"On the fortieth day the Soul is again taken to do reverence to God: and then the Judge determineth the fitting place of its incarceration, according to its deeds. Thus the Church doth rightly in making mention, upon the fortieth day, of the baptized dead."

It is also customary to have the Requiem Office celebrated on the anniversaries of the birth-day, name-day, and death-day of the departed.

(2) It is customary, at the Requiem Office (Panikhida), to place upon a small table in the church a dish of kutiya or koliva: that is, boiled wheat, mixed with honey, to which raisins are sometimes added. The koliva serves to remind us of the resurrection of the dead. As grain, in order that it may form ears and give fruit, must be buried in the earth, and moulder there; so, also, the body of the dead must be committed to the earth, in order that it may rise to life eternal. The honey typifies the sweetness of bliss of the future life. In the grain is set upright a lighted taper, which symbolizes the light wherewith the Christian is illumined in baptism; and also the light of the world to come, which knows no setting.

(3) Thereby offering unto God, as it were, a sacrifice of propitiation for the dead person, and in honour of the Sovereign Lord over life and death.

(1) The Canon of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic Church of the East orders that the Consecration of a Church must be performed by a Bishop. If, however, this be not possible, the Bishop sends a corporal (antimins) which has been consecrated to the Church that is to be consecrated, and delegates his authority of consecration to an Archimandrite, an Abbot, an Archpriest, or a Priest. In that case a briefer Office is used than the one here given. In substance, the two Offices are identical; but the most important part of the Office as performed by a Bishop, namely, the consecration of the corporal, is of necessity omitted. Relics are placed in the Altar only in case a Bishop consecrates the church. If the Altar is of stone, all the portions of the service prescribed for a wooden Altar are omitted.

(2) This garment (Exodus 28:4) is white in color, and is trebly girt: about the neck of the officiating ecclesiastic, in token of wisdom and obedience to God; about the body, beneath the breast, to symbolize the Word; about the loins, as a symbol of purity and strength. If a Bishop celebrate, the apron-like garment should be of silk; if a Priest, of cotton cloth.

(3) The Office of Consecration proper is preceded by the Blessing of Water, in a form which greatly resembles that appointed for the Feast of the Epiphany.

(4) As the Altar represents the sepulchre of our Lord Jesus Christ, so the mastic, mingled with fragrant spices, represents the sweet-smelling spices wherewith Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus anointed the body of our Lord when they laid him in the tomb.

As the Temple is fashioned after the image of our bodies, which are the temple of God (2 Cor. 6:16) and members of Christ (1 Cor. 12:27), that rite which is performed at the Consecration of a Church is analogous to the rite by which every believer is made a member of the Church, and the Consecration resembles holy Baptism and holy Chrismation. Therefore, at a Consecration, rose-water, the holy Chrism, white garments and tapers are used: and the building, like the font, is compassed about in procession, in the circle which is the emblem of Eternity.

(5) The affixing of the table to the Altar with four nails commemorates the nailing of our Lord to the cross. The stones thus used are not thrown away, but are generally laid beneath the Altar.

(6) Moses, by the Lord's command, anointed the Tabernacle and the Altar at the dedication of the Temple (Exodus 11:9-10), as the Altar is here first anointed, and the Sanctuary afterwards. The three places anointed are those where, during the Divine Liturgy, the book of the Holy Gospels, the paten and the chalice are to stand.

(7) The corporal (antimins) is, as it were, the Altar itself, and takes the place of an Altar when, by reason of storm or any other cause, the Altar falls into ruin; or when it is necessary to celebrate the Divine Liturgy in the absence of a duly consecrated Altar. It consists of a silken cloth, whereon is depicted our Lord Jesus Christ in the sepulchre.

(8) The double vesting of the Altar indicates its double significance: as the tomb of Christ and the throne of God. The first altar-cloth represents the winding-sheet wherein the body of our Lord Jesus Christ was wrapped for burial.

(9) The cord typifies the cord wherewith our Lord was bound, when he was led before Annas and Caiaphas.

(10) The second covering of the Altar, the inditia, of rich and brilliant material, typifies the glory of God's throne.

(11) This, the iliton, represents the swaddling-clothes wherein the infant Christ was wrapped at his birth; our Lord's winding-sheet in the tomb; and the napkin which was bound about his head in the tomb. (Here, as in certain other instances, there are several explanations of the symbolism, upon which the authorities occasionally differ.)

(12) This typifies, as in holy Baptism, spiritual illumination.

(13) This signifies that the Church is consecrated forever to God; because the circle is the symbol of eternity.

(14) The holy relics placed in the Altar or under the corporal (antimins) bear witness to the special presence there of God. They remind the Christian that when he is in church he is in a place sprinkled with the blood of the Saints; and he rejoices with holy gladness, recalling the words of St. John: "That ye, also, may have fellowship with us" (1 John 1:3).

The holy relics are anointed with the holy Chrism as for burial, in token of the close bond between the Martyrs and Christ. The relics of the Saints which remain incorruptible on earth assure us of the special prayers for us on the part of the Saints thus honoured with immortality of body ere the coming of the Kingdom of Glory (Rev. 6:9- 10).

A God-fearing reader ought always to remember that he is proclaiming doxologies and prayers for himself and for all who are praying in the church, where God Himself, His immaculate Mother, the angels and the saints are always invisibly present. The Lord, the Knower of hearts, knows the feeling and attitude with which the reader performs his obligations. A God-fearing reader knows that those standing in church also notice his mistakes, his inattention, etc., and that they may be tempted thereby. That is why he does not allow carelessness; he fears thereby to anger God. For it is said in Scripture: Cursed is every man that doeth the Lord's work with carelessness (Jer. 48:10). When reading words of prayer in the holy church in the hearing of all the faithful, we are carrying out God's work; therefore, we must read reverently and decorously, distinctly and unhurriedly.

One must prepare carefully for the reading which he is to execute: he must familiarize himself with it well in advance and read the text thoughtfully, paying attention to the pronunciation of the words, the accents, and to the contents, so as to read correctly, consciously, and in a way that makes sense. If you read badly, practice; read the appointed reading several times and ask someone else, who is knowledgeable, to check you.

Read so that first of all you yourself understand what you are reading, and so that the prayers and psalms that are read penetrate your heart. At the same time, do not forget the people standing in church, and read so that the people understand you, so that they too, together with you who are reading, would pray and glorify the Lord with one mouth and one heart. This is the purpose of our assembling in church.

When reading in church, always remember that by your lips the prayer of all who are present is uttered and raised up to the throne of God, and that each word you pronounce ought to penetrate the hearing and the soul of each person praying in the church.

Therefore, do not hurry when reading the holy prayers, and do not demean the prayers by hurried reading; do not anger God. Hurried and indistinct reading is not apprehended by the hearing, the thought or the heart's feeling of the hearers. Such reading and singing, according to the words of the holy Hierarch Tikhon of Zadonsk, is "complaisance for the lazy, heartfelt sorrow and sighing for the good, and temptation and harm for all who come (to church)."

In order not to deprive those praying of the possibility to pray reverently, a God-fearing reader will not read quickly and carelessly to please a few. Many are disturbed and tempted by a reader's carelessness and may even leave the church. Those who are inclined to sectarianism or in general are inclined to see shortcomings in Orthodoxy, having heard careless and irreverent reading and singing in our churches, may even fall away altogether from Orthodoxy into sectarianism or grow cool towards the Faith. In this way, through the fault of careless readers and singers, our Orthodox Divine services, churches, clergy, and Orthodoxy itself are subject to dishonor, while those praying are deprived of prayers abundantly rich in content and of religious and moral edification.

In view of this, the church reader ought not to allow fast reading that passes over to carelessness, and ought not to fulfill the requests of those who require him to violate his duty to read piously. For we ought to obey God rather than men (Acts 5:29).

In order to know at what speed it is appropriate to read, it is essential to read with a comprehension of what is being read, not mechanically, and not to pay attention to the external side of reading, but rather to the content - at the same time to pray for oneself in one's soul.

One must learn to read freely, without strain, so that while reading there would be no difficulties in pronouncing the words, abbreviations (titlos) and accents, in the choice of pitch and volume of the voice, in the raising and the lowering of the voice, etc; briefly speaking, so that attention would be distracted as little as possible by the technique of reading, but would be concentrated on the meaning of what is read.

One must read in such a measured way that the hearers succeed in mentally apprehending each word of the prayer and in feeling it with the heart. Such a feeling in the reverent reader is acquired when he himself tries to pray attentively with the mind and the heart in church and at home. Then he will find out by experience that during rapid reading it is impossible for those praying to succeed in catching the content of the prayer and to pray with the mind and the heart.

At the same time, one should avoid the other extreme; one should not needlessly drag out the reading!

In order that the content of the prayers be more easily apprehended by those praying in church, one must separate each sentence (phrase) from another by a small pause, slightly drawing out the voice. Within the sentence itself, one should also make pauses (retardations) that enhance the sense, using them to divide definite meaningful groups of words one from another.

For beginning readers it is recommended that such pauses be made according to the punctuation marks in the text: commas, colons and periods. At commas, one should make briefer pauses; at periods and question marks - longer pauses (drawing out the voice).

The Prokoemenon in Tone 6: Their souls shall dwell in good things.

Stichos: Unto Thee, O Lord, have I lifted up my soul.

Epistle: 1 Cor. 10:23-28. For the Dead: 1 Thess. 4:13-17, (Luke 21:8-9, 25-27, 33-36, and, John 5:24-30).

Stichos: Their souls shall dwell in good things.

Koinonicon: Blessed are they whom Thou hast chosen and taken, O Lord, and their memory is from generation to generation.

Meat — Fast Sunday (35th Week)

The Prokoemenon in Tone 3: Great is Our Lord, and great is His Power: And of His Wisdom there is no number.

Stichos: Praise ye the Lord, because psalm is good: To our God be joyful and comely praise.

Epistle: Cor. 8:8-9:2 (Matt. 25:31-46).

Alleluarion in Tone 8: Come let us praise the Lord with joy: let us joyfully sing to God our Saviour.

Stichos: Let us come before His presence with thanksgiving; and make a joyful noise to Him with psalms.

Koinonicon: Praise ye... and, Rejoice in the Lord, O ye righteous: Praise becometh the upright.

Cheese — Fast Saturday (36th Week)

The Prokoemenon in Tone 8: (Only one Prokoemenon is used for the "Fathers")

The saints shall rejoice in glory; they shall be joyful in their beds.

Stichos: The high praises of God shall be in their mouths: And two-edged swords in their hands.

Epistle: Rom. 14:19-26, Gal. 5:22-6:2 (Matt. 6:1-13, Matt. 11:27-30).

Alleluarion in Tone 2: They that are planted in the House of the Lord shall flourish in the courts of the House of God.

Stichos: The righteous shall rejoice in the Lord, and shall put their Hope in Him. Koinonicon: Rejoice in the Lord...

The Prokoemenon in Tone 8: Pray ye, and render thanks unto the Lord our God. Stichos: In Judea God is known: His Name is great in Israel.

Epistle: Romans 13:11-14:4 (Matt. 6:14-21).

Alleluarion in Tone 6: It is good to give praise to the Lord: And to sing to Thy Name, O Most High.

Stichos: To show forth Thy mercy in the morning, and Thy truth in the night.

Koinonicon: Praise ye...

The Prokoemenon in Tone 7: The righteous shall rejoice in the Lord, and shall

Stichos: Hear my voice, O God, when I make my supplication to Thee.

Epistle: Heb. 1:1-12 and 2 Tim. 2:1-10 (Mark 2:23-3:5 and, John 15:17-16:2). Alleluarion in Tone 4: The righteous shall flourish like the palm tree: He shall grow like a cedar in Lebanon.

Stichos: Those that are planted in the House of the Lord, shall flourish in the courts of the House of God.

Koinonicon: The righteous shall be in everlasting remembrance: He shall not fear the evil hearing. Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia.

The Prokoemenon in Tone 4: Song of the Fathers: Blessed art Thou, O Lord,

the God of our fathers, and praised and glorified is Thy Name for ever.

Stichos:: For Thou art righteous in all that Thou hast done unto us.

Epistle: Heb. 11:24-26, 32-12:2 (John 1:43-51).

Alleluarion in Tone 4: Moses and Aaron among His priests: and Samuel among them that call upon His Name.

Stichos: They called upon the Lord and He heard them.

Koinoniton: Praise ye... and. Rejoice in the Lord

Prokoemenon and Alleluarion for Saturday and the Dead.

Epistle lections: Heb. 3:12-16, and for the Dead, 1, Thes. 4:13-17, (Mark 1:35-44, and, John 5:24-30).

Second Sunday of Lent (St. Gregory Palamas)

The Prokoemenon in Tone 5: Thou, O Lord, shall preserve us and keep us from this generation and forever.

Stichos: Save me, O Lord, for there is now no saint.

And: The Prokimenon in Tone one: My mouth shall speak of wisdom, and

the meditation of my heart understanding.

Epistle: Heb. 1:10-2:3, and, for the Saint: Heb. 7:26-8:2 (Mark 2:1-12, and John 10:

9-16).

Alleluarion for Sunday — See Tone 5.

Koinonicon: Praise ye... and. The Righteous shall be...

Prokoemenon and Alleluarion for Saturday and the Dead.

Epistle lections: Heb. 10:32-38, and Dead I Thess. 4:13-17 (Mark 2:14-17, John

5:24-30).

(The Holy Cross)

In place of the Trisagion: "Thy Cross..."

The Prokoemenon in Tone 6: O Lord, save Thy people and bless Thine inheritance.

Stichos: Unto Thee will I cry, O Lord, my God: Be not silent to me.

Epistle: Hebrews 4:14-5:6 (Mark 8:34-9:1).

Alleluarion in Tone 8: Remember Thy congregation which Thou hast possessed from the beginning.

Stichos: God is our King before ages: He hath wrought salvation in the midst of the earth.

Koinonicon: The light of Thy countenance, O Lord, is signed upon us.

Fourth Saturday In Lent

Prokoemenon, etc. for day and for the Dead.

Epistle lections: Heb. 6:9-12, and I Cor. 15:47-57 (Mark 7:31-37, and John 5:24-30).

Fourth Sunday of Lent (St. John of the Ladder)

Prokoemenon of the Tone for the day and: The Prokoemenon in Tone 4: The saints

Epistle: Heb. 6:13-20, and Eph. 5:9-19 (Mark 9:17-31, and Matt. 4:25-5:12).

Alleluarion for the Tone and Saint: They that are planted in the House of the Lord shall flourish in the courts of the House of God.

Koinonicon: Praise ye... and, The Righteous shall be...

The Prokoemenon in Tone 3: Song of the Theotokos: My soul magnifies the Lord, and my spirit rejoices in God my Saviour.

Stichos: Because He has regarded the humility of His handmaid: For behold henceforth all generations shall call me blessed.

Epistle: Heb. 9:24-28, and for the Theotokos, Heb. 9:1-7 (Mark 8:27-31, and Luke 10:38-42, 11:27-28).

Alleluarion in Tone 8: Arise O Lord, into Thy resting place, Thou and the Ark, which Thou has sanctified (Ps. 131: 8, 1)

Stichos: O Lord, Remember David: And all his meekness.

Koinonicon: I will take the chalice of salvation: And I will call upon the Name of the Lord. Alleluia (3)

Fifth Sunday of Lent (Mary of Egypt)

Prokoemenon of the day’s Tone and Prokoemenon in Tone 4: God is wonderful in His Saints: The God of Israel (Ps. 7:36)

Epistle lections: Heb. 9:11-14, and: Gal. 3:23-29 (Mark 10:32-45, and Luke 7:36-50).

Alleluarion of the Tone.

Koinonicon: Praise ye... and, The Righteous shall be.

Sixth Saturday of Lent (Lazarus)

In place of Trisagion: "As many as have been baptized."

The Prokoemenon in Tone 3: The Lord is my light and my salvation: Whom

shall I fear? (Ps:26:1)

Stichos: The Lord is the protector of my life: of whom shall I be afraid?

Epistle: Heb. 12:28-13:8 (John 11:1-45).

Alleluarion in Tone 5: The Lord hath reigned, He is robed in splendor.

Stichos: For He hath established the world which shall not be moved (Ps 92)

Koinonicon: Out of the mouth of infants and sucklings Thou has perfected

praise. Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia (Ps. 8:3)

Special Antiphons: Ps 114, 115, 117 The Trisagion

The Prokoemenon in Tone 4: Blessed is He that cometh in the Name of the

Lord, the Lord is God, and He hath shone upon us.(Ps.117: 26, 27, 1)

Stichos: Give praise to the Lord, for He is good: For His mercy endureth

forever.

Epistle: Phillipians 4:49 (John 12:1-18).

Alleluarion in Tone 1: Sing ye to the Lord a new song: Because He hath done wonderful things (97:1)

Stichos: All the ends of the earth have seen the salvation of our God (97:3)

Koinonicon: Blessed is He that cometh in the Name of the Lord, the Lord is God and He hath shone upon us. Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia.

The Prokoemenon in Tone 7: The princes of the people are assembled together

Stichos: Why have heathens raged: And the people devised vain things?

Epistle: 1 Cor. 11:23-32.

Alleluarion in Tone 6: Blessed is he that understandeth concerning the needy and the poor: The Lord will deliver him in the evil day (Ps 40:1,6,10)

Stichos: My enemies have spoken evils against me: When shall he die and his name perish?

Stichos: He who ate my bread, hath greatly supplanted me.

Koinonicon: (Also in place of The Cherubimic Hymn-which is sung twice before The Great Entrance, and once after — and in place of ‘‘Let our mouths be...")

O Son of God, accept me today as a communicant of Thy Mystic Supper: For I will not speak of Thy mystery to Thine enemies, neither will I give Thee a kiss as did Judas; but like the thief will I confess Thee: remember me, O Lord, in Thy Kingdom. Alleluia (3)

At First Hour: Epistle: Gal. 4:14-18.

At Third Hour: Epistle: Rom. 5:6-11.

At Sixth Hour: Epistle: Heb. 2:11-18.

At Ninth Hour: Epistle: Heb. 10:19-31.

In the Evening: The Prokoemenon in Tone 6: They have laid me in the lower pit: In the dark places, and in the shadow of death (87: 7,1)

Stichos: O Lord, the God of my salvation: I have cried in the day and in the

Epistle: 1 Cor. 1:18-2:2.

Alleluarion in Tone 5: Save me O my God: For the waters are come in even unto my soul (68:1, 21, 24)

Stichos: My soul hath expected reproach and misery.

Stichos: Let their eyes be darkened that they see not.

At Orthros, after Great Doxology, The Prokoemenon in Tone 7: Arise, O Lord God, let Thy hand be exalted: Forget not the poor unto the end (9:33)

Stichos: I will give praise to Thee, O Lord, with my whole heart: I will relate all Thy wonders (9:2)

Epistle: 1 Cor. 5:6-8, and Gal. 3:13-14.

Alleluarion in Tone 5: Let God arise, and let His enemies be scattered: And let them that hate Him flee from before His face (67:2-3)

Stichos: As the smoke vanisheth, so let them vanish: As the wax melteth before the fire.

Stichos: So let the wicked perish at the presence of God: And let the just rejoice.

At the Liturgy: In place of the Trisagion: "As many as have been baptized..."

The Prokoemenon in Tone 5: Let all the earth worship Thee and sing to Thee,

let it sing to Thy Name, O Most High (65:4,2)

Stichos: Shout with joy to God, all the earth: Sing unto His Name.

Epistle: Romans 6:3-11, after the Epistle: "Alleluia" is not sung. See the chapter: "Holy Great Passion Week" of this Typicon.

"As Many as have..." is sung in place of the Trisagion.

The Prokoemenon in Tone 8: This is the day which the Lord hath made: Let

us be glad and rejoice therein (117: 24,1)

Stichos: Give praise to the Lord, for He is good: For His mercy endureth forever.

Epistle: Acts 1:1-8 (John 1:1-17).

Alleluarion in Tone 4: Thou, O Lord, hath arisen: Have mercy on Sion (101, 24,20) Stichos: From heaven the Lord hath looked upon the earth.

Koinonicon: Receive ye the Body of Christ, taste ye of the Immortal Fountain of Life. Alleluia (3)

The Prokoemenon in Tone 8: Their sound hath gone forth into all the earth:

and their words unto the ends of the world (18:5)

Stichos: The heavens show forth the glory of God: And the firmament declareth the work of His hands.

Epistle: Acts 1:12-17, 21-26 (John 1:18-28).

Alleluarion in Tone 1: The heavens shall confess Thy wonders, O Lord (88:6,8)

Stichos: God is glorified in the assembly of the saints.

Koinonicon: Receive ye the Body...

* * *

The Prokoemenon in Tone 3: Song of the Theotokos. My soul magnifies the Lord, and my spirit rejoices in God my Saviour.

Stichos: Because He has regarded the humility of His handmaid: For, behold, henceforth all generations shall call me blessed.

Epistle: Acts 2:14-21 (Luke 24:12-35).

Alleluarion in Tone 8: Arise, O Lord, into Thy resting place: Thou and the Ark, which Thou hast sanctified (131: 8,11)

Stichos: The Lord hath sworn truth to David, and he will not make it void. : Receive ye the Body of Christ...

The Prokoemenon in Tone 6: I shall remember Thy name throughout all

generations (44:18, 12)

Stichos: Hearken, O Daughter, and see, and incline thy ear.

Epistle: Acts 2:22-36 (John 1:35-51).

Alleluarion in Tone 2: My soul doth magnify the Lord: And my spirit hath rejoiced in God my Saviour (Luke 1:46-48)

Stichos: Because He hath regarded the humility of his handmaid: For behold from henceforth all generations shall call me blessed.

Koinonicon: Receive ye the Body of Christ...

The Prokoemenon in Tone 3: Sing praises to our God, sing ye: Sing praises to

Stichos: Clap your hands, all ye nations, shout unto God with the voice of gladness.

Epistle: Acts 2:38-43 (John 3:1-15).

Alleluarion in Tone 4: With Thy comeliness and Thy beauty set out: Proceed prosperously, and reign (44:5,8)

Stichos: Thou hast loved justice, and hated iniquity.

Koinonicon: Receive ye the Body of Christ...

The Prokoemenon in Tone 8: Their sound hath gone forth into all the earth:

Stichos: The heavens show forth the glory of God: And the firmament declareth the work of His hands.

The Prokoemenon in Tone 3: My soul magnifies the Lord, and my spirit

Epistle: Acts 3:18, and Philippians 2:5-11 (John 2:12-22, for Theotokos, Gospel

Luke pericope 54).

Alleluarion in Tone 1: The heavens shall confess Thy wonders, O Lord.

Stichos: God is glorified in the assembly of the saints.

Stichos: Hearken, O Daughter, and see, and incline thy ear.

Koinonicon: Receive ye the body... and, I will take the chalice of salvation: And I will call upon the Name of the Lord. Alleluia (thrice).

The Prokoemenon in Tone 3: The Lord is my light and my salvation: Whom shall I fear? (26:1-2)

Stichos: The Lord is the protector of my life: of whom shall I be afraid?

Epistle: Acts 3:11-16 (John 3:22-33).

Alleluarion in Tone 5: The Lord is King: He is robed in splendor.

Stichos: For he hath established the world which shall not be moved.

Koinonicon: Receive ye the Body...

The Prokoemenon in Tone 3: Great is our Lord, and great is His power: And

of His wisdom there is no number (146:5; 1)

Stichos: Praise ye the Lord, because psalm is good: To our God be joyful and comely praise.

Epistle: Acts 5:12-20 (John 20:19-31).

Alleluarion in Tone 8: Come, let us rejoice in the Lord, exclaiming unto God our Saviour (94:1,3)

Stichos: For the Lord is a great God, and a great King above all gods.

Koinonicon: Praise the Lord, O Jerusalem; praise Thy God, O Sion, Alleluia (3)

Sunday 3: Sunday of The Myrhhbearers

The Prokoemenon in Tone 6: O Lord, save Thy people and bless Thine inheritance.

Stichos: Unto Thee will I cry O Lord, my God: Be not silent to me.

Epistle: Acts 6:1-7 (Mark 15:43-16:8).

Alleluarion in Tone 8: Lord, Thou hast blessed Thy land: Thou hast turned away the captivity of Jacob (84:1,11)

Stichos: Mercy and truth have met each other: Justice and peace have kissed.

Koinonicon: Receive ye the Body... and, Praise ye...

Sunday 4: Sunday of The Paralytic

The Prokoemenon in Tone 1: Let Thy mercy, O Lord, be upon us, as we have

Stichos: Rejoice in the Lord, O ye righteous: Praise becometh the upright. Epistle: Acts 9:32-42 (John 5:1-15).

Alleluarion in Tone 5: The mercies of the Lord I will sing forever (88:2,3)

Stichos: For Thou has said: Mercy shall be built up forever.

Koinonicon: Receive ye the Body... and, Praise ye the...

Wednesday: Midpentecost

The Prokoemenon in Tone 3: Great is our Lord, and great is His Power: And

of His Wisdom there is no number (146:5,1)

Stichos: Praise ye the Lord, because Psalm is good: To our God be joyful and comely praise.

Epistle: Acts 14:6-18 (John 7:14-30).

Alleluarion in Tone 1: Remember Thy congregation, which Thou has possessed from the beginning (73:2,12)

Stichos: God is our King before ages: He hath wrought salvation in the midst of the earth.

Koinonicon: He that eateth my Flesh, and drinketh my Blood abideth in Me, and I in him, saith the Lord. Alleluia (3; Jn. 6:57)

Sunday 5: The Sunday of The Samaritan

The Prokoemenon in Tone 3: Sing praises to our God, sing ye: Sing praises to

our King sing ye (46:7,2)

Stichos: Clap your hands, all ye nations, shout unto God with the voice of gladness.

Epistle: Acts 11:19-26 (John 4:5-42).

Alleluarion in Tone 4: With Thy comeliness, and Thy beauty set out: Proceed prosperously, and reign.

Stichos: Thou hast loved justice and hated iniquity.

Koinonicon: Receive ye the Body... and, Praise ye the...

Sunday 6: The Sunday of The Blind

The Prokoemenon in Tone 8: Pray ye and render thanks unto the Lord our God.

Stichos: In Judea God is known: His name is great in Israel.

Epistle: Acts 16:16-34 (John 9:1-38).

(118:132, 133)

Stichos: Direct my steps according to Thy word.

Koinonicon: Receive ye... and, Praise ye the Lord...

(Trisagion)

The Prokoemenon in Tone 7: Be Thou exalted, O God, above the heavens, and Thy glory over all the earth.

Stichos: My heart is ready, O God, my heart is ready: I will sing, and give praise, with my glory.

Epistle: Acts 1:1-12 (Luke 24:36-53).

Alleluarion in Tone 2: God is ascended with jubilee: And the Lord with the sound of trumpet (46:6,2)

Stichos: Clap your hands, all ye nations; shout unto God with the voice of joy.

Koinonicon: God is ascended with jubilee: And the Lord with the sound of trumpet. Alleluia (3)

Sunday 7: Holy Fathers

The Prokoemenon in Tone 4: Song of the Fathers: Blessed art Thou, O Lord,

Stichos: For Thou art righteous in all that Thou has done unto us.

Epistle: Acts 20:16-18, 28-36 (John 17:1-13).

Alleluarion in Tone 1: The God of gods, the Lord has. spoken: And he has called the earth from rising of the sun to its setting (49:1-5)

Stichos: Gather together His saints to Him: Those who have made covenant by sacrifice.

Koinonicon: Praise ye the Lord... and, Rejoice in the Lord.

In place of the Trisagion: "As Many..."

The Prokoemenon in Tone 8: Their sound hath gone forth into all the earth:

Stichos: The heavens show forth the glory of God: And the firmament declareth the work of His hands.

Epistle: Acts 2:1-11 (John 7:37-52, 8:12).

Alleluarion in Tone 1: By the Word of the Lord the heavens were established and all the power of them by the spirit of His mouth (32:6,13)

Stichos: The Lord hath looked from heaven: He hath beheld all the sons of men. Koinonicon: Thy good spirit shall lead me into the right land. Alleluia (3; 142:10)

Monday, Day of The Holy Spirit

The Trisagion is sung.

The Prokoemenon in Tone 6: O Lord, save Thy people, and bless Thine inheritance.

Stichos: Unto Thee will I cry, O Lord, be not silent to me.

Epistle: Ephesians 5:9-19 (Matthew 18:10-20).

Alleluarion in Tone 2: Have mercy on me, O God, according to Thy great mercy.

Stichos: Cast me not away from Thy face: And take not Thy Holy Spirit from me.

Koinonicon: Thy good spirit shall lead...

Sunday 1 after Pentecost — All Saints, Tone 8.

The Prokoemenon in Tone 8: Pray ye and render thanks unto the Lord our God.

Stichos: In Judea God is known: His Name is great in Israel. And:

The Prokoemenon in Tone 4: God is wonderful in His saints: The God of Israel.

Stichos: In the churches bless God the Lord, from the fountains of Israel (67:36,27)

Epistle: Hebrews 11:33-12:2.(Matthew 10:32-33, 37-38; 19:27-30).

Alleluarion in Tone 4: The just cried and the Lord heard them (33:18,201

Stichos: Many are the afflictions of the just: But out of them all will the Lord deliver them.

Koinonicon: Praise ye... and, Rejoice O ye.. (see Saturday)

September 1 (Beginning of Church Year)

The Prokoemenon in Tone 3: Great is our Lord, and great is His Power: And

of His Wisdom there is no number (146:5)

Stichos: Praise ye the Lord, because psalm is good: To our God be joyful and

comely praise. And:

The Prokoemenon in Tone 7: Precious in the sight of the Lord is the death of

His saints (115:6)

Epistle: 1 Timothy 2:1-7and Colossians 3:12-16 (Luke 4:16-22, and, Matt. 11:27-30).

Alleluarion in Tone 4: A hymn, O God; becometh Thee in Sion: And a vow shall be paid to Thee in Jerusalem.

Stichos: Thou shalt bless the crown of the year in goodness (64:2,12) and Ven. Blessed is the man that feareth the Lord: He shall delight exceedingly in his commandments (3:1)

Koinonicon: Thou shalt bless the crown of the year in goodness, and, The righteous shall be...

(See: Wednesday of "Daily" for Prokoemenon, Alleluarian, Koinonikon). Epistle: Philippians 2:5-11 (Luke 10:38-42; 11:27-28).

Antiphons: Psalm 21, Tone 2 Psalm 73, Tone 2 Psalm 98, Tone 1

In place of Trisagion: "Thy Cross..."

The Prokoemenon in Tone 7: Exalt ye the Lord our God: And adore His

footstool, for it is holy (98:5,1)

Stichos: The Lord is King, let the people be angry.

Epistle: 1 Corinthians 1:18-24 (John 19:6-11, 13-20, 25-28, 30-35).

Alleluarion in Tone I: Remember Thy congregation, which Thou has possessed from the beginning (73:2,12)

Stichos: God is our King before ages: He hath wrought salvation in the midst of the earth.

Koinonicon: The light of Thy countenance, O Lord, is signed upon us. Alleluia (3; 4:7)

See Wednesday, (Prokoemenon, etc.).

Epistle: Heb. 9:1-7. Acts 9:10-19 (Luke 10:38-42; 11:27-28).

Regular Prokoemenon in Tone 6, and, Tone 7: The righteous shall rejoice in the

Epistle: 2 Timothy 2:1-10 (John 15:17-16:2).

Alleluarion in Tone 4: O God, Thou hast cast us off, and hast destroyed us (59:3,4)

Stichos: Thou hast moved the earth, and hast troubled it: Heal Thou the breaches thereof, for it has been moved: The righteous shall flourish like the palm tree: He shall grow like a cedar in Lebanon.

Koinonicon: Praise ye the Lord... and, The Righteous...

See: Monday Prokoemenon, etc. Epistle: Heb. 2:1-10 (Luke 10:16-21).

See: Theotokos — Wed. of Daily Prokoemena, etc.

Epistle: Heb. 9:1-7 (Luke Section 54 — 10:38-42; 11:27-28).

See: Tuesday of Daily Prokoemena, Epistle: Hebrews 13:17-21 (Luke 6:17-23).

The Prokoemenon in Tone 4: Song of the Fathers: Blessed art Thou, O Lord,

the God of our Fathers, and praised and glorified is Thy Name forever.

Stichos: For Thou art righteous in all that Thou has done unto us.

Epistle: Colossians 3:1-11 (Luke 14:16-24).

Alleluarion in Tone 4: Moses and Aaron among His priests; and Samuel among them who call upon His Name.

Stichos: They called upon the Lord and He heard them. Koinonicon: Rejoice in the Lord...

Sunday of the Fathers (Sunday before Christmas)

The Prokoemenon same as for "Forefathers"

Epistle: Heb. 11:9-10, 17-23, 32-40 (Matt. 1:1-25).

Alleluarion in Tone 4: We have heard, O God, with our ears: Our fathers have declared to us.

Stichos: Thou hast saved us from them that afflict us: And has put them to shame that hate us (43:2,8)

Koinonicon: Praise Ye the Lord, ... and, Rejoice...

Antiphons: Psalm 118 Tone 2

Psalm 111, Tone 2

Psalm 109, Tone 4

"As many as have been baptized" in place of Trisagion.

The Prokoemenon in Tone 8: Let all the earth worship Thee, and sing to Thee:

Stichos: Shout unto the Lord, all the earth: Sing unto His Name; give glory to His praise.

Epistle: Galatians 4:4-7 (Luke 2:1-20).

Alleluia, alleluia, alleluia in Tone 1: The heavens show forth the glory of God: And the firmament declareth the work of His hands (18:1,3)

Stichos: Day to day uttereth speech: And night to night showeth knowledge.

Koinonicon: The Lord hath sent redemption unto His people. Alleluia (3)

The Sunday Prokoemenon in Tone 6: Epistle: II Timothy 4:5-8 (Mark 1:1-8).

Alleluarion in Tone 8: The light of His countenance to shine upon us; and may He have mercy on us (66:2)

The Prokoemenon in Tone 3: The Lord is my light and my salvation: Whom

Stichos: The Lord is the protector of my life: of whom shall I be afraid?

Epistle: Cor. 9:19-27. If it is not a fast day read I Cor. 10:1-4 (Luke 3:1-18).

Alleluarion in Tone 6: My heart hath uttered a good word: I speak my works to the King.

Stichos: Thou art beautiful above the sons of men (44:2,3)

Koinonicon: Praise ye...

Antiphons: Psalm 113, Tone 1 Psalm 114, Tone 2 Psalm 117, Tone 1

In place of Trisagion: "As many as have..."

The Prokoemenon in Tone 4: Blessed is He that cometh in the Name of the Lord, the Lord is God, and He hath shone upon us.

Stichos: Give praise to the Lord, for He is good: For His mercy endureth forever.

Epistle: . Titus 2:11-14, 3:4-7 (Matt. 3:13-17).

Alleluarion in Tone 4: Bring to the Lord, O ye children of God: Bring to the Lord the offspring of rams.

Stichos: The voice of the Lord is upon the waters: The God of majesty thundereth: The Lord is upon many waters (28:1-3)

Koinonicon: For the Grace of God our Saviour has appeared to all men. Alleluia (3)

The Prokoemenon is from Tuesday of the Daily Prokoemena

Epistle: Acts 19:1-8 (John 1:29-34).

Alleluarion in Tone 5: Light dawns for the just; and gladness for the upright of heart.

Stichos: Rejoice, ye just, in the Lord, and give praise to the remembrance of His holiness (96:11,12)

Koinonicon: For the grace of God... and, the righteous...

See Thursday of "Daily" Prokoemena, Heb. 13:7-16 (Matt. 5:14-19).

The Prokoemenon is from Wednesday of the Daily Prokoemena Epistle: Heb. 7:1-17 (Luke 2:22-40).

Alleluarion in Tone 8: Now dismiss Thy servant in peace, O Lord, according to Thy word.

Stichos: A light to the revelation of the Gentiles and the glory of Thy people Israel (Lk. 2:29,32)

Koinonicon: I will take the chalice...

The Prokoemenon in Tone 4: Show forth the salvation from day to day of our

God (95:2,1)

Stichos: Sing unto the Lord a new song: Sing unto the Lord all the earth.

Epistle: Heb. 2:11-18 (Luke 1:24-38).

Alleluarion in Tone 6: He shall come down like rain upon the meadows: And like showers that water the earth (71:6,17)

Stichos: Let His Name be blessed forever: His Name continueth before the sun.

K: The Lord has chosen Zion: Ho has chosen it for His dwelling. Alleluia (3).

See Tuesday of the Daily Prokoemena.

Epistle: Romans 13:11:14:4 (Luke .1:5-25, 57-68, 76, 80).

Alleluarion in Tone 3: Bless the Lord God of Israel, for He visited and giveth redemption to His people.

Stichos: And thou, child, shall be called the prophet of the Highest. Koinonicon: The Righteous shall be...

See Thursday of Daily Prokoemena for everything. Epistle: 2 Cor. 11:21-12:9 (Matt. 16:13-19).

The Prokoemenon in Tone 4: Thou art a priest forever according to the Order

of Melchisedech (109:4,1)

Stichos: The Lord said to my Lord: Sit Thou at my right hand: Until I make Thy enemies Thy footstool.

Epistle: James 5:10-20 (Luke 4:22-30).

Alleluarion in Tone 8: Moses and Aaron among His priests: And Samuel among them that call upon His Name.

Koinonicon: The Righteous shall be had in...

Trisagion:

The Prokoemenon in Tone 4: O, Lord, how manifold are Thy works: In wisdom hast Thou made them all.

Stichos: Bless the Lord, O my soul, O Lord my God, Thou art very great. Epistle: 2 Peter 1:10-19 (Matt. 17:1-9).

Alleluarion in Tone 8: Thine are the heavens, and Thine is the earth (88:12,16)

Stichos: Blessed is the people that knoweth jubilation.

Koinonicon: O Lord, in the light of Thy countenance we shall walk: And in Thy Name we shall rejoice forever. Alleluia (3; 88:16)

The Prokoemenon for the Theotokos (see "Daily" Wednesday) Epistle: Phillipians 2:5-11 (Luke Section 54).

Alleluarion in Tone 2: Arise, O Lord, into Thy resting place: Thou and the Ark, which Thou hast sanctified.

Stichos: The Lord had sworn truth to David, and he will not make it void.

Koinonicon: I will take the chalice of salvation: And I will call upon the Name of the Lord. Alleluia (3)

See: Prokoemenon for Tuesday of the "Daily" Prokoemena Epistle: Acts 13:25-32 (Mark 6:14-30). Koinonicon: Same as Tuesday of the "Daily"

Note:

1) No Alleluarion for Baptism

2) One verse for an Alleluarion for Marriage: Thou, O Lord, shall preserve us and keep us from this generation and forever.

Tone 1: Let Thy Mercy, O Lord, be upon us, as we have put our hope in Thee.

Stichos: Rejoice in the Lord, O ye righteous; praise becometh the upright.

Alleluarion: God gives me vengeance and subdues the people under me.

Stichos: Giving great deliverance to his King, and showing mercy to David His

anointed: and to His seed forever.

Tone 2: The Lord is my strength and my song, and is become my salvation.

Stichos: The Lord chastising has chastised me; but He has not given me ever

Tone 3: Sing praises to our God, sing ye: Sing praises to our King, sing ye.

Alleluarion: In Thee O Lord, I put my trust, that I be not ashamed forever.

Stichos: Be Thou unto me a God, a Protector, and a house of refuge, to save me.

Stichos: Bless the Lord, O my Soul: O Lord my God, Thou art very great.

Stichos: Thou hast loved justice and hated iniquity.

Tone 5: Thou, O Lord, shall preserve us and keep us from this generation and

forever.

Stichos: Save me, O Lord, for there is now no saint.

Stichos: For Thou hast said: Mercy shall be built up forever in the heavens.

Thy truth shall be prepared in them.

Tone 6: O Lord, save Thy people and bless Thine inheritance.

Stichos: Unto Thee will I cry, O Lord, my God: Be not silent to me.

Stichos: He shall say to the Lord: Thou art my Protector and my refuge, my

God, in Him will I trust.

Tone 7: The Lord will give strength to His people: The Lord will bless His

people with peace.

Stichos: Bring unto the Lord, ye sons of God, bring young rams unto the Lord.

Stichos: To show forth Thy mercy in the morning, and Thy truth in the night.

Tone 8: Pray ye, and render thanks unto the Lord, our God.

Stichos: In Judea God is known: His name is great in Israel.

Stichos: Let us come before His presence with thanksgiving: And make joyful

noise to Him with psalms.

The Prokoemenon in Tone 4: Who maketh His angels spirits: His servants a flaming fire.

Stichos: Bless the Lord, O My soul, O Lord my God, Thou art exceedingly great.

Alleluarion: Tone 5: Praise Him, all His angels: Praise Him, all His Hosts. Stichos: For He spoke and they were made: He commanded, and they were created.

Tone 7: The righteous shall rejoice in the Lord, and shall hope in Him. Stichos: Hear my voice, O God, when I make my supplication to Thee.

Alleluarion: Tone 4: The righteous shall flourish like the palm tree: He shall grow like a cedar in Lebanon.

Stichos: Those that are planted in the house of the Lord, shall flourish in the

courts of the house of our God.

Tone 3: Song of the Theotokos. My soul magnifies the Lord, and my spirit rejoices in God my Saviour.

Stichos: Because He has regarded the humility of His handmaid: For behold

henceforth all generations shall call me blessed.

Alleluarion: Tone 8: Hearken o Daughter, and see, and incline thine ear. Stichos: The rich among the people shall entreat Thy countenance.

Stichos: The heavens show forth the glory of God: And the firmament declares

the work of His hands.

Alleluarion: Tone 1: The heavens shall confess Thy wonders, O Lord: And Thy truth in the Church of the saints.

Stichos: God is glorified in the council of the saints.

Tone 7: Exalt the Lord our God; and worship His footstool, for it is holy. Stichos: The Lord has reigned, let the people be angry.

Alleluarion: Tone 1: Remember Thy congregation which Thou hast possessed from the beginning.

Stichos: God is our King before ages: He has wrought salvation in the midst of

the earth.

Tone 8: Be glad in the Lord, and rejoice ye righteous. Stichos: Blessed are they whose iniquities are forgiven: And whose sins are covered.

(The second Prokoemenon is for the dead, when directed) Tone 6: Their souls shall dwell in good things.

Alleluarion: Tone 4: The righteous cried and the Lord heard them: And delivered them out of all their troubles.

Stichos: Many are the afflictions of the righteous; but out of them all will the

Lord deliver them.

Tone 7: Precious in the eyes of the Lord, is the death of His saints. Stichos: What shall I return to the Lord for all He has done for me?

Kathismata 1 consists of Psalms 1, 2, 3, Glory: 4, 5, 6, Glory: 7, 8. Glory. Kathismata

2: Psalms 9, 10, Glory: 11, 12, 13, Glory: 14, 15, 16. Glory.

3: Psalms 17, Glory: 18, 19, 20, Glory: 21, 22, 23. Glory

4: Psalms 24, 25, 26, Glory: 27, 28, 29, Glory: 30, 31. Glory.

5: Psalms 32, 33, Glory: 34, 35, Glory: 36. Glory.

6: Psalms 37, 38, 39, Glory: 40, 41, 42, Glory: 43, 44, 45. Glory.

7: Psalms 46, 47, 48, Glory: 49, 50, Glory: 51, 52, 53, 54. Glory.

8: Psalms 55, 56, 57, Glory: 58, 59, 60, Glory: 61, 62, 63. Glory.

9: Psalms 64, 65, 66, Glory: 67, Glory: 68, 69. Glory.

10: Psalms 70, 71, Glory: 72, 73, Glory: 74, 75, 76. Glory.

11: Psalms 77, Glory: 78, 79, 80, Glory: 81, 82, 83, 84. Glory.

12: Psalms 85, 86, 87, Glory: 88, Glory: 89, 90. Glory.

13: Psalms 91, 92, 93, Glory: 94, 95, 96, Glory: 97, 98, 99, 100. Glory.

14: Psalms 101, 102, Glory: 103, Glory: 104. Glory.

15: Psalms 105, Glory: 106, Glory: 107, 108. Glory.

16: Psalms 109, 110, 111, Glory: 112, 113, 114, Glory: 115, 116, 117. Glory.

17: Psalm 118. Glory, [v. 1-72, Glory: 73-93, Glory: 94-131, Glory: 132-176.

Glory.]

18: Psalms 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, Glory: 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, Glory: 129,

130, 131, 132, 133. Glory.

19: Psalms 134, 135, 136, Glory: 137, 138, 139, Glory: 140, 141, 142. Glory. 20: Psalms 143, 144, Glory: 145, 146, 147, Glory: 148, 149, 150. Glory, Both Now: Alleluia.

Two Kathismata Three Kathismata

1) From St. Thomas Sunday to 1) From September 22 to September 21. December 20.

2) December 20 to 2) From January 15 to January 14. Prodigal Son Sunday

3) Meat Fare and Cheese Fare Sundays

Orthros Vespers Orthros Vespers

Day

Sun. 2 3 — 2 3

Mon. 4 5 6 4 5 6 18

Tues. 7 8 9 7 8 9 18

Wed. 10 11 12 10 11 12 18

Thur. 13 14 15 13 14 15 18

Fri. 19 20 18 — 19 20 18

Sat. 16 17 1 — 16 17 1

Three Kathismata for Orthros

One for Hours

III

In 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, & 6th weeks of the Great Fast (Tessaracost).

HOURS VESPERS

1st 3rd 6th 9th

18 18 18 18 18 18 1

228

IV In the 5th week of the Great Fast (*)

VESPERS

10

19

7

12

18

1

IVa

(*) Note: If the Feast of the Annunciation falls on Thurs. of 5th week use this table:

VESPERS

11 16

18 1

18 18 18

229

compiled by Presbyter David F. Abramtsev

Agiasma = Hagiasma

Agnec = The Lamb (part of the prosphora stamped IC XC Nl KA, taken out during the Proskomedia, later consecrated).

Ad = Hades

Akafist = Acathistos

Alliluja za Upokoj = Reposal Alleluia

Altar’ = Bema, Sanctuary

Amvon = Ambo (Ambon)

Ammoreovy stihiry = Ammorian stichera (in honor of the Theotokos; Sunday Vespers at the Kekregarion).

Anagnost = Anagnostes, Reader (see Pricetnik).

Analav = Analavos (part of the Megaloschemos’ habit).

Analogy, Naloj = Analogion

Anafema = Anathema

Anafora = Anaphora

Anaxoret, Otshelnik = Anchorite (n.), Anchoritic (adj.).

Angel'skaja pesn' = Angelic Hymn

"Angel’skij sobor" tropari — Eulogetaria, Resurrectional Eulogetaria

Angelskij obraz = Angelic Schema

Andreevo stojanie = Andrian Stasis (another name for the Great Kanon of St. Andrew of Crete).

Antidor = Antidoron

Antimins — Antimins, Antimension

Antipasxa = Antipascha, also Thomas Sunday

Antifon = Antiphon

Antifony izobrazitelnye = Antiphons of the Typica, Typical Antiphons

Antifony kafizm = Antiphons of the Kathismata

Antifony prazdnicnye - Festal Antiphons

Anfologion, Cvetoslov = Anthologion, Anthology

Aksios = Axios (worthy)

Apokalipsis = Apocalypse

Apokrisiarij — Aposcrisiarius (messenger, ambassador).

Apologija = Apology

Apostata, otstupnik = Apostate

Apostol = Apostle, Book of Epistles

Artos = Artos (Bread blessed at Pascha).

Artofor = Artophore (Tabernacle for Reserved Holy Gifts).

Arxipastyr’ = Archpastor, epithet for Bishop

Arxidiakon = Archdeacon (chief Hierodeacon, i.e., deacon in monastic orders).

Arxiepiskop = Archbishop

Arxierej = Bishop, Archierey, Archiereical (adj.)

Arximandrit = Archimandrite

Arxistratig = Archistrategist (chief warrior, epithet for certain Archangels).

Asket = Ascetic (n.), ascetics (pi.), ascetic (adj.)

Asketstvo = Asceticism

Asigkrit = Secretary

Banja pakibytija = Bath of regeneration, of rebirth.

Bdenie = Vigil (Vsenoishnoe bdenie = Allnight Vigil).

Bezzakonie = Anorny, iniquity

Bezkrovnaja zertva = Bloodless Sacrifice

Bezmezdniki, bezsrebrenniki = Unmercenaries

Bezmolvnik — Hesychast

Beznevestnaja = Anymphic, unwedded

Bezpiltie = Fasting

Bezplotnyj = Bodiless

Bezplotnyja sily = Bodiless Powers, Hosts

Bilo, klepalo ■ Semantron

Blagovestnik = Evangelist

Blagovescenie — Annunciation

Blagoslovenie xlebov = Artoclasia (Blessing of the loaves after the Litany sung at

Allnight Vigil).

Blagoslovennaja gramota = Letter of Blessing (permission from the Bishop to build

a new temple).

Blagocinnyj = Dean, Rural Dean

Blazenny = Makarismatics (stichera interposed into the Beatitudes on Sundays and

certain Feasts).

Bludnyj syn = Prodigal Son

Bog Gospod’ = The Theos Kyrios (sung at Orthros).

Bogopriimec = Theodochos, God-receiver

Bogorodicen = Theotokion (sing.), Theotokia (pi.)

Bogorodicnaja prosfora = Theotokian prosphora

Bogorodic’ny otpustitel’nye = Dismissory Theotokia

Bogorodicnyi prazdnik — Theometoric Feast (Feast in honor of the Theotokos).

Bogoslov = Theologian

Bogojavlenie = Theophany (Feast 6 January).

Bogojavlenskaja voda = Theophany Water (The Great Hagiasma).

Brak = Marriage

Belorizec = White-garbed (member of married clergy, secular clergy).

Vaij, nedelja = Palm Sunday

Velikaja ektenija — Great Ektenia, also Great Synaptia; also Mirnaja ektenija — The Eirenica.

Velikaja sedmica = Great Week

Velikij vyxod — Great Entrance

Veliki] prokimen = Great Prokeimenon (prokoemenon)

Velikij poklon = Great Prostration, Great Metania, or simply, Prostration

Velikoe slavoslovie = Great Doxology

Velikomuchenik — Megalomartyr

Velichanie = Megalynarion

Verbnoe voskresenie = Palm Sunday

Verbica, chetki = Rosary

Vetxij zavet = Old Covenant

Vecernja, malaja, vsednevnaja, velikaja = Vespers, Small, Daily, Great

Vikarij = Vicar Bishop

Visokos, Visokosnyj god = Leap Year

Vladychnyj prazdnik = Despotic Feast (Lord’s Feast)

Vodoosvjascenie = Sanctification of Water

Voskomastix = Ceremastic

"Voskresenie Xristovo = "Anastasin Christou" (Troparion sung after the Orthros Gospel).

Voskresen — Anastasimon (Any Ode or hymn glorifying the Resurrection of Christ and sung on Sunday).

Vratar, Vratnik = Door-keeper, Janitor (Sexton; of a church).

Vrachebnica = Hospital; in spiritual sense: Church.

Vruceleto = Sunday Letter

Vsederzitel = All-sovereign, Pantocrator

Vsenoscnoe bdenie = Allnight Vigil

Vseednaja sedmica (splosnaja sedmica) = Pamphagy Week. All foods are permitted to be eaten.

Vtorobrachie = Bigamy

"Vsjakoe dyxanie" = "Pasa pnoia" ("Let every breath").

Vxod — Entrance (Eisodos); Great, Little, Vesper Entrance.

Vxodnaja = Eisodicon

Vynos evangelija = Carriage out of the Gospel

Vynos plascanicy = Carriage out of the Epitaphion

Vynos Usopsix = Carriage out of the dead

Venec — Crown

Venchanie = Coronation (epithet for marriage).

Venchik = Coronet (placed on forehead of the dead at their burial).

Glavopriklonenie = Cephaloclisis (Bowing of the head).

Glavy markovy = Marcian Chapters

Glavy xramovyja = Temple Chapters

Glas, glasy = Tone(s), Mode(s)

Govenie = Eulavation (Fast, prayer, good deeds, giving alms, in modern sense

"Retreat" -ed.).

"Gospodi vozvax" = The Kegragarion; also Ekekraxa (= "Vozzvax").

Gospozin’ den’ = Lady Day (any feast of the Theotokos, but particularly that of

Holy Dormition).

Guba = Sponge

Daronosica = Pyx

Daroxranitelnica = Artophorion (also Kovceg = Ark, and Kivot = Tabernacle).

Dary svjatye = Holy Gifts

Dvanadesjatyj prazdnik = Dodecary Feast (Duodenary Feast, After Pascha, the 12

Great Feasts, ed.).

Dvoebratie = Bigamy

Dvoezenec — Bigamist

Dvusvechnik, Dikirij = Dikerion

Demestvennoe penie = Domestical Chant

Desjatina = Tithe

Desjatoslovie = The Decalogue

Diptix, pominanie, sinodik = Diptych

Diskopokrovec = Diskokalymma, Diskos Veil (Discarion Cover -ed.).

Diskos = Diskos (Discarion -ed.)

Diakonissa = Deaconess

Diakonskija dveri = Deacon’s Doors (technically the southern door of the Iconostasis).

Diakon = Deacon

Diak, D’jachok = Diac (Abbreviation of Deacon), Reader

Diastil, dvoestolpie = Diastyle

Dnevnyj krug = Daily cycle

Dnevnyj svjatyj = Daily Saint

Dnevnyja sluiby = Daily Offices (the seven offices (services) said each day excluding the Liturgy).

Dobrotoljubie = Philokalia

Dogmatik = Dogmatic(on)

Dogmat — Dogma

Domovladyka = Housemaster

Domostroj — The Economist, House Manager

Druzina = Companions (group of fellow-travelers, group of companions who are part of martyrdom of a given saint, or participate in his feasts — ed.).

Dunovenie = Insufflation

Duxovnik = Spiritual Father, Confessor

Duxovnyj reglament — Spiritual Regulation

Duxonosec = Pneumatophore, Spirit-bearer

Duxoritor a Pneumatoritor, Spiritual Ovator

Duchevodec = Spiritual Director

Devo-mater’ = Virgin Mother

Devo-muchenica = Pardenomartyr, Virgin-martyr

Devstvennik = Parthenon, observing virginity, female monastery

Detovodec, Detovoditel = Pedagogue

Evangelist = Evangelist

Evangelie = Gospel

Evangelskaja stixira = The Heothinon (see below stixim evangelskaja).

Evxaristija = Eucharist

Edinoverie = Monopistia (Same-belief or same-faith; Those who accept all dogma and teachings of the Orthodox Catholic Church, but preserved the ancient icons, the ancient published books and certain of the rites of pre-Nikon period, -ed.).

Edinoglasno = Unison (in music).

Edinorodnyj = Only begotten

Edinosuischnyj = One-being

Ekzarx = Exarch

Ekzorcist, Zaklinatel = Exorcist

Ekklisiarx = Ecclesiarch, Sacristan

Eksapostilarij = Exaposteilarion

Eksapsalm = Hexapsalmos

Ektenija = Ektenia, Ectenia

Elej radovanija = Oil of Gladness

Eleopomazanie = Anointment (Rite observed at Orthros, anointment with oil blessed at the Artoclasia, or taken from the candela hanging before the Icon of the Feast celebration).

Eleosvjaschenie, soborovanie = Holy Unction, Prayer-oil

Enkolpif = Encolpion (see Panagija).

Epakta = Epact (intercalary days).

Eparx — Eparch (eparchal bishop).

Eparxia — Eparchy, diocese

Epigonatij, palica = Epigonation

Episkop = Bishop (n.), Episcopal (adj.).

Episkopija — Bishopric, Episcopate, (the temple in which the Bishop has his

cathedra — ed.).

Episkopstvo = Episcopacy (the spiritual authority of the Bishop-ed.).

Epistolia otpustnaja = Dismissory Epistle

Epitimija = Epitimia (penalty, punishment, penance).

Epitraxil — Epitrachelion

Evxologij, Trebnik, Potrebnik = Euchalogion

Zezl, Posox, Paterissa = Staff, Crosier, Paterissa

Zezlonosec, Pososnik = Staff-bearer, Crosier-bearer

Zertvennik = Lit. Altar, but usually used to denote the Prothesis.

Zertvennoe vremja — Sacrifical Time, i.e., the time to celebrate the Liturgy.

Zaamvonnaja molitva = Ambo(n) Prayer, Prayer beyond the Ambo.

Zavesa, Katapetasma — Curtain, Veil

Zavet = Covenant

Zagoveny = Shroveday (last day of eating meat).

Zadostojnik = Megalynarion (also, Anti-Axion (Estin) — ed.).

Zadusnaja subbota = Soul Saturday, Ancestral Saturday

Zaklinanie = Exorcism

Zaklinati = Exorcise

Zakonopravilnik = see Nomokanon

Zakradnoj napev = Stealthy Chant (A chant foreign to the Church, taken from

anywhere).

Zapadnyja dveri — Western Doors (exterior doors of temple).

Zapasnye Davy — Reserved Gifts

Zapoved’ = Epitimia, penalty, (also, directive, mandate, law — ed.).

Zapreschenie = Epitimia, penalty (suspension from Office pending disposition of charges, ed.).

Zapev = Refrain

Zatvornik = see Anaxoret

Zautrenja — Orthros

Zakladka Cerkvi = Laying the Foundation of a church. Church-founding.

Zachalo = Pericope (division of Scripture appointed for reading) (Pod zachalo = In Pericope — to read two pericopes together as one. Also, called "Section").

Zachatie = Conception

Zvezdica = Asterisk, Star

Zvonec, zvoncy = (Jingle) Bell (bells sewed on Bishop’s vestments).

Liturgy).

Zelie — Herbs (The Euchologion contains prayers for blessing fragrant herbs for cooking and medicinal purposes).

Zmievidnyj posox = Serpentine Staff

Znamenie krestnoe = Sign of the Cross

Znamenie Pres. Bogorodicy = Sign of the Most-holy Theotokos (a type of icon).

Znamenija (znaki) prazdnikov = Festal Signs

Znamenat' (v kolokol) = To ring for services

Znamennyj napev (raspev) = Znamenny Chant

Zograf = Iconographer, artist

Zodcestvo = Architecture

Zodchij = Architect, stone-mason, carpenter

Zrjataja Pasxalija = Reference Paschalion

Igumen = Hegumen

Igumenija, Igumenja = Hegumeness, Hegumena (nun in charge (head) of woman’s

monastery).

Ierarx — Hierarch

Ierarxija = Hierarchy

Ierarxiceskij, Ierarxiteskij = Hierarchical

Ierej = Priest

Ierejstvo = Priesthood

Ierodiakon = Hierodeacon (a Monk — deacon, ed.).

Ieromonax — Hieromonk (a Monk-priest ed.).

Izbavitel' = Redeemer

Izbor’nica = Church, temple

Izobrazitel’ny — The Typica

Izobrazitelnye Antifony = Typical Antiphons

Ikonostas = Iconostasis

Ikos = Oikos

Iliton = Eliaton (the cloth which serves as a cover for the Antemension, ed.).

Imjarek = N (the symbol indicating that a name is to be said).

Inok = Monk

Inokinja = Nun

Inochestvo = Monasticism

"I nyne" = "Both now..."

Iovileon = Jubilee

Ipakoj = Hypakoe

Ipodiakon = Subdeacon

Ipostas’ = Hypostasis

Irmologij = Heirmologion

Irmos = Heirmos (the first "troparion" of a series of troparia in an Ode in a Kanon ed.).

Isixasty, moltal’niki = Hesychasts

Iskuplenie = Redemption

Ispovedanie = Confession, Profession (of Faith).

Ispoved’ = Confession (of sins).

Ispovednik = Confessor (Saint who suffered great torments for Christ’s sake but was not martyred).

Ispolati = Eispolate (i.e., to sing Eis Polla Eti).

Iudejskij = Judaic

Kadilo, kadil’nica = Censer, Incenser

Kazdenie = Censing, Incensing

Kaznodej = Preacher

Kalugernca, kalugernja = Nun, Calogeress

Kaluger = Caloger (an honored monk living in seclusion from the world).

Kalugeropul = Calogeropoul (young monk, novice).

Kalugerskija imena = Calogerian names (names given to monks at their tonsure).

Kamilavka = Camelaukion, Kamelaukion

Kampan = Bell

Kandelabra = Candelabrum (s), Candelabra (pi.).

Kandilo = Candela (vigil lamp — ed.).

Kandiloviigatel' = Lamplighter

Kandija, zvonec, jasak = Kodon (a small bell).

Kanonarx = Kanonarch(os; lit. he who reads or chants the Kanon).

Kanon, Velikij — Great Kanon (of St. Andrew of Crete).

Kanonik, Kanonnik = Kanonicon

Kanonicheskija knigi = Canonical Books

Kanun, nakanune = Eve

Katavasija = Katabasia (s), Katabasiai (pi.; the heirmos that is sung at the end of an Ode, or the repeating of the heirmos at the end of an Ode as at Paschal Orthros — ed.).

Katapetasma = Katapetasma, Curtain

Katolikos = Catholicos (‘ecumenical’ — a patriarch, head of Armenian, Georgian,

etc. Churches).

Kacija = Catzion (table incenser with handle rather than chains).

Kafedra = Cathedra

Kafizma = Kathisma (1— Division of the Psalter; 2— Troparion sung after psalms are read. Sometimes termed ‘Kathismata’ for the "divisions" and ‘Kathisma’ for the troparia.).

Kelar’ = Cellarios, Cellarer (keeper and distributor of monastic supplies — ed.).

Kellija = cell

Kivorij — Ciborium (1— Artophorion or Tabernacle; 2— Baldachin or canopy over the holy Throne).

Kivot, see Daroxranitel’nica

Kinonik, Pridasten = Koinonicon (verse sung during Liturgy when the Lamb is prepared for Communion — ed.).

Kirie eleison = Kyrie eleison (sung at ordinations).

Kiot = Icon-case, Kibotion

Kladez’ = Well (Euchologion has prayer for blessing).

Klepanie = Striking a bell or semantron

Klir — The clergy (of a particular church). Klirik = Cleric

Kliros = Cliaros (part of temple where lower clergy, i.e., clerics, readers and singers, stand. There is a right and left cleros. Actually it is the ‘choir’ in the front part of the temple).

Klobuk = Epicamelaukion, Epirriptar (the black veil fastened to a monastic Kamelaukion

or Cucullus).

Kljuc granic = Keys of Limitation (35 key letters used to indicate the distance of Pascha from 22 March (O.S.)).

Kolivo, kutija = Kolyba (boiled wheat or rice mixed with honey or sugar, which is brought to the temple in honor of a saint, but more specifically, brought to commemorate the dead — ed.).

Kolenopreklonenie = Kneeling

Kondak = Kontakion

Kopie = Lance

Korchaja kniga = The Rudder

Kosnvi zvon = Slow ring (prescribed during Tessaracost).

Krasnyja vrata, Cerkovnyja vrata, severnyja dveri = Beautiful Gates, Church Gates.

(Doors leading from the Nave into the Narthex).

Krest, napersnyj = Pectoral Cross

Krestitisja ognem = Baptism of Fire

Krestnyj xod = Crucession, to crucess (to make a prodession).

Krestobogorodichen = Staurotheotokion

Krestovaja palata, krestovaja cerkov — Cross-church, (a Bishop’s private oratory or house chapel).

Krestovoskresen = Stauro-anastasimon

Krestovoskresnyj Kanon = Stauro-anastasic Kanon

Krestoobrazno = Cruciform, Crosswise

Krestopoklonnaja nedelja = Crossveneration Sunday

Krizma = Chrism, Chrism-robe (the white cloth or robe in which the child is wrapped at Baptism).

Kropilo = Sprinkler, Rhantister

Kukol', kukul' = Cucull, Cucullus

Kulich = Coullic (round sweet bread brought to church at Pascha to be blessed).

Kumovstvo = Koumparia (spiritual relationship formed by being a godparent).

Lavida, lzica, lozica = Spoon, Communion Spoon

Lavra = Laura (Large monastery, title of rank of monastery).

Lavrskij = Laurie (adj.).

Lampada, kandilo = (1) Candelo (a suspended lamp); (2) Lamp — a candle or lamp carried in procession.

Lampadchik = Lampadary (a candle-bearer or candle-lighter).

Levanidov krest = Lebanese Cross (made of Cedars of Lebanon).

Lestvica = Ladder (1- Epithet of Theotokos, 2- Book written by St. John Climacus).

Lik = (1) Choir; (2) Face, Image; (3) Chorus of Angels

Litija, Litanija = Litany (Prayers which take place in the Narthex or outside the temple during Crucessions; during the Allnight Vigil followed by blessing of the five loaves, and, there are Litanies for the Fallen-asleep.).

Liturgiarij, Sluzebnik = Liturgicon, Liturgiarion

Malosximnik = Microschemos (Monk of the second degree, i.e., one who has passed from the novice to the monastic — ed.).

Malyj vxod — Little Entrance

Maloe povecherie = Little Aftersupper (Small Aftersupper).

Malyj Trebnik = Abridged Euchologion, Hagiasmatarion

Mantija = Little Schema

Mantija = Mantyas (monastic outer garment which covers entire person, except the

head).

Mariino stojanie = Marian Stasis (name of Allnight Vigil of Thurs. and Saturday of 5th week of Tessaracost; sometimes called Andrian Stasis on Thurs. of that week).

Martilog = Martyrology

Masljanaja nedelja, maslenica = Butterweek, Shrovetide, Carnival (week,after Meatfast Sunday, often called Pancake Week).

Materodevstvennyj = Motherly-virginal (pertaining to the Theotokos).

Mezdochasie, pochasie = Mesorion (lit. between Hours, monastic services which are actually continuation of the Hours — ed.).

Mestobljustitel = Locum Tenens

Mestnaja ikona, mestnyj obraz = Immovable Icon (icons in the Iconostasis, Saviour,

Theotokos, etc. — ed).

Mironosica, Mironosicy = Myrophoron, Myrophores (sometimes called Myrrh-bearing Women, those who came to anoint Christ in the tomb — ed.).

Miropomazanie — Chrismation, the Mysterion of Chrismation.

Mirotocec, Myrotocivyj = Myrobletes

Molebnik = Intercessional (book by which Intercessions are officiated).

Molitvoslovie = Prayer (lit. collection of prayers — ed.).

Moschi = Relics

Muchenik = Martyr

Mutenic’en = Martyricon (sticheron or troparion in honor of a martyr).

Mjasnaja nedelja = Meat week; Creophagy week (week when eating of meat is permitted).

Mjasopustnaja nedelja = Meatfast Sunday

Nabedrennik = Nabedrennik, Epischion (retangular "shield" given to priests as a mark of rank, worn on the right side, later transferred to left side when Epigonation is given-ed.).

Navecherie (prazdnik) = Paramony (of Feasts).

Nakaz = Instruction, Order

Namestnik = Epitopion (like a lieutenant or viceroy or locum tenens or representative who acts in place of the head, as, in major monasteries, the Bishop is norm,illy the "P.r.inr" of the monastery, but the resident superior is in fact the active head -ed.).

Narechenie = Horizonation (the appointment and Nomination of a Bishop).

Na slava = Doxastion (that sung aftar "Glory...").

Nastojatel = The President, Rector, Superior, Pastor (of a monastery); the chief priest (of a Catholicon or parish church).

Nachal’nyj psalom = Proemion, Prefatory Psalm

Nachalnyja molitvy = Beginning Prayers

Nachertannyj = Branded (an epithet given SS Theodo re (27 Dec.) and Theophanes

(12 Mar.)).

Neokop = Neocorus (li. ‘temple-keeper’ one who cares for the cleanliness of the church, sexton).

Nenevestnaja = Unwedded, Unbrided

Neporochny = The Amomos (sung at Sunday Orthros; Psalm 118 (Kathismata 17)).

Neporotny tropari = Amomic Troparia, Necrosimic Eulogetaria (sung at burials

following the Amomos).

Nerukotvorennyj obraz = Icon ‘not made with hand;’ Acheiropoietos Icon

Novaja nedelja, nedelja obnovlenija = New Sunday, (the first Sunday after Pascha;

also known as Antipascha and Thomas Sunday).

Novonachalnye, poslusniki = Probationers (in monasticism).

Novoprosveschennyj = Newly-enlightened

Novosazdenij = Neophyte

Obvyjnik = Epitrachelion

Obixod = Roundel (a noted eccles. book); obichod

Oblachenie = Vestments; the vesting of a Bishop

Oblivancy = Affusionists (those who baptise by the method of Affusion on Infusion, rather than by Immersion).

Obnovlenie = Encainia, Renovation (dedication, consecration) (1) Commemoration of the Renovation (i.e.,) consecration of the church of the Resurrection of Christ in Jerusalem on 13 September; (2) the consecration of a new temple using the service of the Encainia in the Euchologion; (3) New Sunday.

Obruспenija = (1) The Betrothal (the first part of the marriage acolouth); (2) the

betrothal of the great and Angelical Habit (Megaloschemos).

Obrjad = (1) Rite, (2) Ceremony, Ritual

Obxozdenie = Circumambulation (around the Font, the Altar at ordinations, the temple at consecration or crucessions, at burial of a Bishop, the Tetrapodion at Coronation).

Obednica = (lit. ‘little dinner’) The Typica (in common language given this epithet

because the Liturgy is celebrated before dinner).

Oglashenie, Naglashenie =

(1) Catechesis (instruction in the truths of the Faith);

(2) Readings after the Great Doxology during Orthros;

(3) Publication, Announcement; (4) The ecclesiastical rite called "The making of a Catechumen," which precedes Baptism.

Odigitrija = Hodegetria (lit. ‘Guide in the way’; 1) An icon of’the Theotokos;

(2) Stichera and a Kanon to the Theotokos by this name.

Odikon = Hodicon (An antimension given to a priest going on a far journey by a Bishop).

Oklada = Encasement (the metallic, precious-stone encrusted, covers and mountings on Gospels and icons).

Oklichka, oglashenie = Banns (public notice given in church of an intended marriage, in order that those who know of any impediment thereto may lodge objections).

Okroplenie = Sprinkling, Aspersion (with blessed water).

Oktoix = Octoechos

Omofor, omoforij, nadramenia = Omophorion (vestment belonging exclusively to a

Bishop).

Opleсenie, oplet’e = Shoulder-piece (the top part of a vestment lying on the shoulder which differs from the body of the vestment by color, or is enclosed by galloon).

Orar’ = Orarion (the long, ribbon-like vestment of subdeacons, deacons, Protodeacons and Archdeacons).

Orlejlcik = Aetothet (server who spreads the Aetos under the Bishop’s feet during

Divine Service).

Orlec = Aetos, Eaglet

Osanna = Hosanna (Hebrew word meaning, "He has saved, or helped," or "Save!

Help! Preserve!" — left untranslated).

Osvjaschenie = Sanctification, Consecration, Hallowing (the action of dedicating or setting something apart as holy and for sacred use by invoking the sanctifying Grace of the Holy Spirit).

Osvjasc’ennyj = Sanctified an epithet of certain sainted monks in Holy Orders, especially, St. Sabbas the Sanctified, 5 December; St. Theodore the Sanctified, 16 May).

Osmyf den’ = Eighth Day (sanctified by Christ’s Circumcision and Resurrection, many of the Church’s mysteries are connected with the eighth day, i.e., naming of a child; washing of Chrism, removal of crowns, etc.).

Otdanie poklonov = Apodosis of Metanias (the ending of making Great Prostrations or Metanias after Vespers of Great Wed.).

Otdanie prazdnika = Apodosis (the expiry of a Feast, the final day of a Festal

Metheortos).

Otluchenie = Exclusion, Cutting off, Excommunication, Anathematization.

Otpust = Apolysis, Dismission, Dismissal

Otpustitelnyj tropar’ = Apolytikion (s), Apolytikia (pi.).

Otpustitelnye kondaki’i bogorodiZny = Dismissory Kontakia and Theotokia.

Otpevanie, otpev = Apopsallon (lit. ‘the conclusion of singing,’ ‘the conclusion of ecclesiastical services’ ‘to sing of someone.’ The Burial Acolouth).

Otstupka = Regression (falling back in the weekday Gospel readings when all the appointed readings have been read; repeating some of the last readings).

Otxodnaja = Exodion (Kanon and prayers read by the priest at the exodus of the soul from tht body).

Palica = Rod, staff, the triangular vestment worn by Bishops, Archpriests.

Pamjatar’, pamjatcja, pomjanik, diptix = Remembrancer (a booklet containing the

names of deceased who are commemorated at the Proskomedia and Pannychis).

Panagija, Nanedrennik = Panagia, Encolpion ((1) a round, oval or other shape icon or medallion, worn on the breast by a Bishop and certain Archimandrites. The icon usually is of the Theotokos, but may be of the Saviour; (2) Panagia — a Prosphoron which is elevated at a special service in honor of the Allholy (Panagia) Theotokos).

Panagjur, panigir = Panegyris (a religious anniversary, a Patronal or Dedication anniversary feast).

Panigirik, panigurik = Panegyric (1— a speech or homily in praise of a saint or noted person; (2) A Eulogy, laudation of the deceased).

Panixida, Parastas = Pannychis (an intercession for the deceased), Parastasis (otherwise called the Great Pannychis; it contains the Great Ektenia, the 17th Kathismata and the full Kanon).

Papert (Russ. vnesh’nij pritvor) = Exonarthes

Papoloma = Paploma (shroud put over the bodies of the deceased).

Paraekklisiarx = Paraecclesiarch, Lamplighter

Paraklis, Paraklisis = Paraclesis (intercessory Kanons to the Theotokos, there being two so-called: The Little Kanon by Monk Theosterictos and the Great Kanon by Emperor Theodore II Ducas Lascaris).

Paraklitik = Paracleticon (the epithet used by some for the Octoechos, the latter term being reserved for the Sunday matter only).

Paramandija, Paramand’, Paraman = Paramandy, Paramandyas (part of the monastic habit).

Paramonar' (Russ. Ponomar’) — Paramonar (a cleric or verger whose duty is to take care of the interior of the church, to act as server, prepare everything for the services, light and put out candles, and ring the bells. He is also called ‘lampaddik’, ‘klirik,’ etc.).

Paremija, parimija = Paroemia, Paremia (readings taken from the Old Covenant used liturgically, especially at Vespers).

Parusia = Parousia (1- a solemn celebration of the liturgy by a Bishop with the con-celebration of many Sacred Ministers and clerics; 2— Among certain Serbs a special commemoration of the dead).

Passija (from Lat. ‘Passio’) = Passion (an acolouth, an amplified Aftersupper, officiated on the first four Fridays in Tessaracost during which the passion is read from the Gospels and certain hymns of Great Week are sung).

Pastva — Flock (parishioners under the spiritual care and direction of a Pastor of

the Church).

Pastoforij = Pastophory (the space on both sides of the Bema, to the right is the

Diaconicon, to the left the Prothesis).

Pastyr’ = Pastor, Shepherd of souls (Orthodox Catholic priest); Pastor (Protestant

minister).

Pascha = Pascha (Christian Feast of Feasts); Passover (Hebrew Feast).

Pasxalnaja sedmica = Paschal Week

Paterik = Patericon (a book containing the lives of the Holy Fathers which the Typicon directs to be read between services, particularly during meals in monasteries).

Patriarxia = Patriarchate (the Cathedral of a Patriarch where his cathedra and residence are located); Patriarchy (the government of the Church by a Patriarch).

Patriarx = Patriarch (the title of the highest Bishop in the Church).

Pelena = (lit. ‘swaddling’) = (1) Altar Covering (a square piece of cloth with a Cross sewn to it, used to cover the Holy Altar, and Prothesis when not in use.); (2) Covering (used to spread under sacred appointments.); (3) Shroud (used in ancient times to wrap the bodies of the dead).

Pervenstvovati = (1) To have the Primacy, to be Primate; (2) to take first place in Divine Service, be President or Chief Celebrant; (3) to have priority or take precedence; (4) to be chairman.

Pervoverxovnyj = Protocoryphaic (epithet of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, 29 June).

Povecherie, maloe, velikoe = Aftersupper, Small (sometimes — ‘Little’), Great After-supper

Podoben = Prosomoion (a sticheron or other hymn, which bears this title indicates

that it is similar to another sticheron (whose first words are given) either by content, or measure, or tone. It is always in the same tone or mode of the one setting the example — except in case of certain Exaposteilaria.).

Pokrovy = Kalymma (Covers — Veils); Discarion Cover = Diskokalymma; Poterion Veil (Cover) = Kalymma

Polielej = Polyeleos (lit. much merciful) excerpts from Psalms 134 and 135, incensing takes place during the singing).

Polunoschinica, vsednevnaja, subbotnaja, voskresnaja = Mesonyctics, Daily, Saturday, Sunday

Poprazdnstvo = Metheortos (s), Metheortia (pi.; days following a feast).

Potir = Poterion, Chalice

Prednachinatelnyj psalom = Proemion or Prefatory Psalm 103 of Vespers

Prepolovenie Pjatidesjatnicy = Mesopentecost, Midpentecost

Predprazdnstvo = Proheortion (the day or days preceding a Despotic or Theometoric feasts).

Predstojatel = President, Chief Celebrant, Presiding Bishop or Priest

Prokimen = Prokeimenon (also, Prokoemenon; lit. ‘lying ahead’ — the stichoi taken almost exclusively from the Psalms, and which generally precede readings from the Old Testament (Paroemia) or New 1 estameni (from the Apostle).

Prositelnaja Ektenija = Ectenia of Askings

Proskomidija = Proskomedia, Prothesis

Prosfora = Prosphoron (ra; ‘Altar bread)

Psaltir s posledovaniem; rjadovoj = Psalter with Acolouthic Psalter; Sequential Psalter, i.e., that of the sequence, following in order.

Rjadovoj glas = Sequential Tone (the Tone or mode of the week).

Ravnoapostolnyj = Equapostolic

Radonica = Commemoration of the dead after the Bright Week, on Monday or

Tuesday of the week after Thomas Sunday.

Samopesno, samoglasen = Automelon (a sticheron or troparion which sets its own Tone, mode or melody and content without regard to a Prosomoion. Also called Idiomelon).

Samopodoben = Autoomoion (a small number of hymns written after a pattern but

have among themselves some similarity and even verbal repitition by beginning or ending with the same words (see Aposticha of Great Vespers, 14 September).

Svete Tixij = "Phos Hilarion" (sung during Vespers after the Ecphony "Wisdom!

Attend!" during the Entrance — "Gladsome Light...").

Svetilen = Photogogicon (sticheron at Orthros, originally read at point in Orthros

when the dawn’s light appeared).

Svetilnitnyja molitvy = Lychnicon, or Lamplighting Prayers (seven prayers at

beginning of Vespers said by priest).

Svjat Gospod’ = "Agios Kyrios" (a stichos (Holy is the Lord) sung at Orthros according to the Tone of the Octoechos on Sundays).

Svjascenodejstvie — Hierurgy, Hierurgize

Sedalen — Kathisma (troparia sung before readings. It is usually permitted to sit during their singing (but not always).

Sovershat' liturgiju = To celebrate the Liturgy "Spodobi Gospodi" = "Kataxioson Kyrie" ("Make us worthy, Lord, to keep us this night...").

Statja = Stasis (a division of a Kathismata; there are three stases in each Kathismata, each concluding with a "Glory...").

Stepenny Antifony = The Anabathmoi

Stix = Stichos (verse).

Stixira = Sticheron (s), stichera (pi.).

Stichera evangel’skaja, stichera utrennaja, utrennyj samoglasen, eofinon = The

Heothinon (this sticheron is the Doxasticon, i.e., sung after "Glory..." of the Ainoi. On Sundays it is integrally connected with the Orthros Gospel and there are eleven of these automela).

Stixiri na stixovne = Aposticha

Stixiri Anatolievy (Vostotnye) = Anatoleon; Anatolia (or ‘Eastern) stichera (so-called because written by Anatolius; called ‘Eastern because the name means ‘eastern’ in Greek).

Stixoslovie = Stichologia

Strastnaja sedmica = Passion Week

Sugubaja Ektenija = Ektenia of Fervent Supplication (also called "Triskyriac").

Syropustnaja nedelja = Cheesefast Sunday

Tainstvo = Mysterion (s), Mysteries or Mysteria (pi.).

Tchetroevangelie = Tetraevangel (reading from the Gospels at the Hours from the week before Palm Sunday).

Tipikon = Typicon

Torzestvennost’ = Solemnity

Trebnik = Euchologion

Triedinyj Bog = Triune God

Tripesnec = Tiode (a Kanon composed of three Odes, sung on weekdays of Tessaracost).

Trisvjatoe = Trisagion

Troichen = Triadicon

Tropar prorochestva = Prophetic troparion, Troparion of Prophesy (sung after the Theotokion at Tessaracostal Hours before the reading of the Paroemia).

Tropari "Angelskij sobor" = The Eulogetaria (sung on Sundays after the Polyeleosat Orthros unless a Despotic feast occurs).

Ukazanija, bogosluzebnye = Liturgical Directives

Hexapsalmos).

Utrenja, neprazdnichnaja — Nonfestal Orthros

Utrenja so slavosloviem = Orthros with Doxology

Utrenja s polieleem = Orthros with Polyeleos

Untrenja Pasxalnaja = Paschal Orthros

Fimiam = Incense

Xvalitny = The Ainoi ("Praise" stichera sung at Orthros after the Kanon).

Xeruvimskaja = Cherubicon

Cvetnaja triod’, Pentikostaria = Pentecostarion

Celovati = To greet

Celomudrie = Sobriety, modesty

Chasoslov = Horologion

chasy, obycnye = (Ordinary) Hours

Chasy, velikopostnye = Tessaracostal Hours

Chasy zarskie = Royal Hours

Chasy, Pasxal’nye — Paschal Hours

"Chestnejchaja" = "More honorable" (a stichos composed in honor of the Theotokos, which begins: "More honorable than the Cherubim..." From this stichos the 9th Ode of the Kanon is called "More honorable.").

Shesterichnaja sluzba = Sextuple service (the commemoration of a saint where the Tipicon orders six stichera at "Lord, I call..." at Vespers; a Minor feast).